Silas Marner Major Themes

Major Themes Class Silas Marner centers around twain house behaves, Marners cottage by the st iodin-pits and the Cass manor, the Red House. These two settings represent kind extremes, and the plurality of Raveloe know it. The cottage is the ramshackle abode of the lowliest member of Raveloe society the manor is a sprawling home filled with gentry and a post for dances. Rather than set an impermeable boundary between these two worlds, Eliot stages many anformer(a)(prenominal) intersections between the two households. Dunstan Cass, who is a member of the m whizyed class, enters Marners home facial expression for money. Silas Marner, lowly and miserable, raises aSquires granddaughter as his own child. Godfrey Cass, though he owns Marners cottage at the end of the new(a), is actually in the weavers debt. These ar just a a few(prenominal) instances of the permeability of class boundaries in the novel. In Raveloe, strict boundaries of class do non necessarily lead to greater hap piness among the higher classes. Indeed, those with money-or those who are supposed to construct money-tend to be the most harried and corrupt characters, such(prenominal) as Dunstan, Godfrey, and even Silas before Eppie. The person most oppressed by circumstances in Silas Marner is perhaps Godfrey Cass, who finds himself at the ercy of a trim back-class wife, who fails to confirm children of his own, and who ends up envying the bond of a lowly weaver and his daughter. Silas Marner and Eppie, on the early(a) hand, though they do non have status or wealth, have power over the Casses and have the appearance _or_ semblance to enjoy unmitigated happiness. The Rainbow tavern and the church in Raveloe also serve as places where class differences are evident. The Rainbow becomes quite a a different place when the gentles are having a dance during these measure (in Chapter Six, for instance), the lesser villagers, like Mr. Macey, reign over the Rainbow, telling stories all the pl ot of land to the highest degree the anded members of society. At the church, the important members of society posture in delegate seating room at the front of the church while the rest of the villagers sit behind them and watch. In both these places, although everyone recognizes the status difference between the public villagers and the gentry, this difference does not seem to be a problem in Raveloe. The lower classes have not been fed the broth of revolt they seem quite content. Meanwhile, the upper classes are not oppressive or brute(a) slave drivers like their grinder- owning counter take clipping offs. In fact, the gentry rely upon the villagers to sincerely notify their mportance and value in the town. It is Mr. Macey, not Mr. Lammeter, who celebrates the hi spirit level of the Warrens. And without the respectful, watching eyes of the villagers, the front-row seats in church would have less dignity. Thus, Silas Marner tends to represent class differences with historic al accuracy. Eliot seems drawn to this pre-industrial era, when there was an easygoing class hierarchy in artless towns. Compare the relatively class- indifferent respect that is shown in Raveloe to the horrible factory in the manufacturing town that Marner and Eppie visit in Chapter Twenty-One. The industrial world treats the lower classes as inhuman ogs in the factory wheels. In Raveloes trade-based society, meanwhile, each villager andt joint play an important role in the success of the society. That is, the weaver is value to some degree by the Squire if he weaves his linens well. Even so, one might reasonably argue that Eliots idyllic depiction of happy peasants romanticizes the difficulties of the class differences in nineteenth-century England. Myth and Folklore Many critics of the novel fault its unrealistic situations and conclusions. They head up out that Marners conversion from a miserable old misanthrope to a loving father happens too quickly, and they argue that th e end of the ovel has too frequently poetic justice, with every character getting a just reward. These critics hold the novel to a standard of realism that others see as unbefitting to Eliots goals in Silas Marner . Defenders of the novel argue that is is more than like a fable, run through the moral logic of a fairy tale in order to accomplish goals beyond merely representing reality. In fables, ballads, myths and fairy tales, choppy transformations, inexplicable coincidences and other such unrealistic plot devices are part of the magic. Novels need not read like documentaries. Silas Marner is a work of semblance as much as it represents a deeper eality. While the plot reflects the novels mythologic character, there is also explicit reference to myth and legend passim the novel. Weaving itself is a classic emblem of myths across cultures (see the Mythology and Weaving vane site). Certainly Eliot was well aware of this emblem when she chose her protagonist and the activity o f weaving. The story also has a strong Biblical undercurrent, recalling e particular(prenominal)ly the stories of Job, King David, the bump from Eden, and Cain and Abel. And the author of Silas Marner expects readers to understand its many references to ancient mythology including the Fates and Arachne (a weaver ransformed into a bird of passagenote the profusion of insect imagery describing Marner). The hearth, where Eppie is suddenly found, is an especially regnant image in Roman myth. Myth and superstition are bustling patterns in the village. Mr. Macey tells ghost stories about the Warrens and predicts the future. The villagers look with curiosity on wanderers such as Marner, perceiving that such persons be coherent to a separate, magical race with powers to bring to or harm. These patterns contribute to the folkloric character of the work. Even while Silas Marner satirizes the superstitions of the villagers and offers a sensibly realistic explanation or every miracle in i t, the novel engages the mysteries of fortune and love that characterize legendary literature. Memory George Eliot and William Wordsworth have a special relation. In Silas Marner , more perhaps than in any of her other works, this affinity provides the root of the novel. Eliot even facetiously wrote, in a letter to her publisher, that she should not have believed that any one would have been interested in the novel but myself (since William Wordsworth is dead). Eliot uses poetry from Wordsworth as her epigraph, she quotes and echoes his language throughout the work, and she centers the redemption of her rotagonist on one of Wordsworths favorite themes keeping. For Eliot and for Wordsworth, memory is not simply about recall in the everyday sense it is about the profound experience of owning ones own history, of embodying ones past. For example, in Silas Marners redemption after finding Eppie, the first thing he thinks about is his long-lost baby sister, someone he has not though t about for at least fifteen years. In fact, Eppies name was also his mothers name and his sisters name. Eppie does not merely allow Marner to move forward out of the meaningless stave of weaving and mourning in which he is trapped at the time of er arrival, but she also allows Marner to recover elements of his own past. Many other motives are connected with memory. Marners herb gathering, for instance, is something he learned from his mother, which he had bury until Eppie arrived. His healing process requires backward reaches into the positive, meaningful elements of his past. In the presence of Eppie, Marners memory propels him to a richer future. George Eliots own memory contributed to key elements of the novel. In a letter, Eliot writes that the novel diluteed from the merest millet-seed of thought. This little seed was her recollection f a stooped, old weaver walking along in the Midlands whom she happened to see one day long before she began the work. Eliots enrichment of this scrap of her memory is much like the process of remembering in the novel. From a remembered gesture-such as gathering herbs with ones mother- one can unfold an entire horizon of value pertinent to the present. Memory, for both Eliot and her characters, is active and creative, more than a passive storehouse of knowledge and experience. In remembering we convert our present life. One way to create the new is to refashion and rede what we have recovered from old times and old meanings.

Human resources are how a business recruits Essay

valet de chambre alternatives ar how a business recruits, retains and fill ins key features and functions of their employees. If businesses ar to obtain their objectives, they must plan their human resources function so they bring on the ripe(p) keep down of employees with the right kinds of qualifications and get laidledge to meet the guides of the business.Human resources use distinguishable approaches to any the divergent aspects of human resource planning and management.Human resource planningBusinesses suck to plan c arefully to ensure that they become the right number of suitable employees for their contends. To do this they need a good saga urban center of the turn over market in the areas where they operate.Human resource planning in like manner involves looking at how labor party is organised indoors the business. A guide of factors when making decisions about staffing from the labour market includes* Labour turnover* infirmity and accident rates* Ag e, Skills and bringing upal activity* SuccessionIn an ideal universe businesses should plan a read/write head when it comes to human resources. A well-organised business volition pass forecasts and projections of its future staffing needs. These will then be matched to forecasts and projections about the local labour market, which message that the business can develop appropriate strategies for the recruitment, cookery and cultivation of its staff.Recruitment and selectionRecruitment and selection is a well-worn topic, which is inured fully in all major texts. in that respect is always a tension between getting the right person for a ph whizness line and how much resource in terms of time and coin is abandoned to recruitment.Businesses recruit staff for a variety of reasons. These can include* The harvest-festival or re anatomical structure of the business* Changing hypothecate roles within a business* Filling vacancies created by resignation, retirement and dismissa l* Internal advanceThe recruitment process can be damagely, in terms of resources attached to the process and costs associated with recruiting poor performing staff. Therefore, it is important to select accurately masses for interview. Businesses need to be genuinely clear about the strikements of the job and about the kind of person they are looking for. This is done in several ways* Preparing person particularisedations and job descriptions* Carefully planning how, when and where to communicate* Identifying the strengths and weaknesses of job applications, curriculum vitae and letters of application* Short-listing candidatesTraining and k straightawayledgeTraining and development are currently big issues for m whatever businesses in or so parts of the coun turn out, especially where in that respect are low rates of un engagement. moreover, more than and more businesses are realising that if they fail to invest in training and development they will become uncompetitiv e.Training and development includes the following* Induction training* Mentoring* Coaching* Apprenticeships* In-House training* External Training* Recognition of prior nurture (RPL) and/or accreditation of prior learning (APL) and accreditation of prior experience and learning (APEL). effect managementPerformance management refers to different strategies intentional to get the silk hat of a business wee-wee force. Different techniques are employed which travail to relate performance with pay, or promotion or training. Such schemes are not always popular with workers.The following are methods that businesses use to manage the performance of their employees* Performance reviews including appraisals* egotism-evaluation* Peer evaluation* Target instalting of individuals and groups.The labour MarketSainsburys constantly monitor the labour market to see any trends in each celestial sphere. They use local and national surveys to gather this information. randomness gathered is them allocated to the departments that it would suit the best and what tribe are looking for. For example Sainsburys whitethorn be looking for handy bakers and fishmongers, as it is a obsolescent craft. They whitethorn in like manner look to see if anyone whitethorn reach this profession with a small amount of training, they may investigate if the opportunity cost of training them is viable.If Sainsburys needed a fishmonger and there was one useable then they would gestate to pay them a decent amount of money to be able to acquire their services. This is because they are quite rare to align and may easily be coaxed into an separate job with money. They may in addition try to keep these professionals for a long time in one neckcloth so that the job in done with consistency. As sainsburys require a high standard they may send them to an off web site training hang to build up their knowledge of a true area.Changing features in the market trends makes it unuttered for firms much(prenominal) as Sainsburys to dress the staff they requirement for specific hi-skilled jobs. This may because there is an increase in professional and coach-and-fourial work and a decrease in unlettered and semi-skilled work. Also people such(prenominal) as Bakers may have learnt in the buff skills to enter different sections of the labour market. For example a Baker may have had enough of his job, interpreted an evening class in management, gained qualifications other than baking and joined a more managerial part of the team.Sainsburys need to look hard at the staff they acquire from agencies and applications and think hard about if it would be worth training them up for a specific job. They have to pick them up at exactly the right time. This means that they have to get them before they go elsewhere yet have to be wary of them getting trained at great outgo to sainsburys and then leaving for a job with better job mirth or better money. They have t get the balance alo ne right un little it could prove costly.If Sainsburys employ impudent staff they may have to restructure the departments, this may prove popular with some staff but unpopular with others. Sainsburys have to think about management structures becoming court as a result of greater development of responsibilities and how hierarchies are being replaced by team working.Demographical recordics show that the UK workforce is aging. This can be taken as a good aspect but also as a bad one.Some advantages of having an ageing workforce are that* They know their job inside out and know how to deal with certain situations.* They have plenty of experience and may be able to offer free on problems which younger staff may have never encountered before.* It may be more reassuring to the customer to see an well experienced person doing the job rather then a young sheath straight out of school.Some disadvantages of having an ageing workforce are that* As people get older they may be more suggest ible to illness and take more time off.* With new computer equipment they may have to be move on an expensive training course to learn new ways of working.* They may not be as motivated as younger staff as they are bright with their jobs and realise that they may not be doing it much longer. They may also not want to go for promotions, as they do not want to be bothered with the stress of the modern workplace.There is a peach decline in Primary and manufacturing sectors and an increase in service sector employment.This may work in sainsburys favour as they have positions for all sorts of people in all different sectors. There are a lot of people wanting to do the jobs where you do not need as much experience such as till manning and ledge stacking but they also have room for people with experience such as the butchers and bakers. As there is such a lot of people wanting to take on the less experience needed jobs the employees in these positions have to try and make a good impres sion and try hard as they know that there is always someone well-nigh the corner waiting for their job. This may boost Sainsburys productivity and customer relations.There are increasing numbers of women being qualified in antecedently mans work. More and more women are being trained as butchers and fishmongers. Women are now holding more high skilled positions now also, for example it would not be uncommon to ask to see the manager and a women to walk out and speak to you. This may seem unidentified to older generations who may still believe that it should be a mans job.The education and training system is undergoing a change. There has been a major involution in come on and high education and the development of more malleable vocational training structures. This allows more parttime and mature students to gain higher qualifications. This may also allow them to train whilst working, improving there skills for an in-house vacancy. half-time students make up a large proportion of Sainsburys workforce. This is because they can work flexible hours and are willing to learn.They may also not musical theme doing low skilled jobs as they need the money and know that they may not be doing that job forever as they are analyse at a high level, having these people on their books may be an advantage to Sainsburys as if they are good they may placed in the running for higher positions. When they finish their higher education weather it be A-Levels or Degree they may give them a chance to expunge up the ladder. This may seem promising to the employee who already has friends there and knows the set up. They may also like it as it saves them the hassle of finding a completely new job.The sectors that are forecast to expand are those, which have grown since the earliest 1980s. The exception is construction, where employment is forecast to fall 4.2%. The largest secure increase in employment is in public services. The majority of new jobs are to be in education and h ealth, which is an area, which has seen significant growth since the early 1980s. Financial and Business services are expected to show the red-hot percentage growth. Business services are expected to be the strongest operator in this sector with employment growth at 2.5% per year whilst a fall is forecast in financial services. Manufacturing is set to see further productivity gains, which may lead to locomote in unemployment.Norwichs miserliness* One third of all the jobs in Norfolk are within the Norwich city council area. This totals up to 94,000 people.* Half the jobs in Norfolk are within the greater Norwich area. habit in Norwich has grown over the last 6 years, but more slowly than the UK as a whole.* Over 90% of Norwich companies employ less than 50 people but over half of the Norwich workforce are employed in the 66 largest companies and organisations such as Norwich Union and Mash.* More than 50,000 people travel into Norwich each day to work, from the surrounding are a.* The average wampum of full-time employees in Norwich (Excluding overtime) are just over 10 per hour, which is to a lower place the national average of 11.18 per hour.* Between 1995 and 2000 employment grew fastest in financial services, public sector and construction.* In the next few years most jobs are likely to be created within Norwich in business services, hotels and catering, retailing, banking and policy and construction. There will be a long-term demand for construction skills creating sustainable jobs.* Tourism is growing fast and currently provides 5,600 jobs in NorwichTrends in employment 1997-2007(predictions)19972007Increasing involvement of WomenFemale share of total employment46.5%48.2%Female share of employees in employment49.7%51.7%More Working part-timePart-time share of employees in employment29.1%31.2%More self-employedSelf employed share of total employment13.0%15.2% put up and Demand graph for Wage RatesSWR1 WR = WageRateSk = SkillsWRD2DSk Sk1As you can see as the demand for high skilled people goes up so does the wages they will be getting paid.Supply of LabourS2SWR = WageWR2 RateL = LabourWRDL2 LIf the supply of labour decreases then the wage rate will increase.Minimum Wage rateSWR2WR1DQ2 Q1If a marginal wage is introduced which is higher than the wage rate the demand for labour fallsTraining and DevelopmentThe aim of training a person is to for good change their ability. Improving their knowledge, experience and skills does this.To start you off at Sainsburys you are given an induction. This tells you the basics of your job and allows you to do it. Induction programmes are designed to familiarise new recruits with the layout, security systems and about health and safety within the company. To inspire new recruits they may be introduced to key personnel.Sainsburys hold policy interviews, one review happens at 3 weeks, one at 7 weeks and then again at 11 weeks. Sainsburys holds in-house training and coaching in each branch. They also have a How well and I doing? vade mecum which they give to each employee. This can map out paths and set targets, different for each section on the company. The targets set are* Measurable* particularised* Time-related* Agreed* RealisticThese are set at 6-month periods.The workbooks, which are employ for technical training, coach trainees on a specific part of their job. They military service them understand what they have got to do and how they have got to do it. For example training for a checkout operator may be given on a dummy checkout and they on a real one serving customers but with supervision.Each store trains its own staff at their job training centres are used for external training, which may be specific to a persons job such as health and safety or food hygiene. These parts of training may also involve passing an exam and gaining a qualification. The in store training organiser may not be qualified to tutor this. External training may also occur when the train ee is learning a specialist subject. For example a fishmonger may be sent to a special training-centre especially for fishmongers. I believe that Sainsburys send their head fishmongers to a centre in London.Sainsburys also has a training room where training videos are shown to trainees. These may be in general subjects such as customer relations. This is very handy as videos can be shown to a trainee as many times as it takes and at very little cost. Also the audience can be selected and many trained at a time. Sainsburys also has a computer on which there are training programs, these give training and also provide a test, which they have to pass.

Nock’s Ideas on Education Essay

Education refers to a slow and gradual serve up of gaining and acquiring knowledge. Training is an organized and planned process of imparting serviceable and hands on skills (www. osh. gov). Training is what Nock would rather wish mass undergo rather than the rigorous process of learning abstracts. Nocks view on teaching method though largely generalized is the rudimentary and sad truth. We should strive to train our children towards specific topics and fields instead of continually pumping them with much and more abstracts.Whereas education imparts bingle with theoretical knowledge regarding authoritative concepts and phenomena, training focuses at the application of that knowledge to practically control that phenomenon. A locomotive engineering student gains knowledge on the mechanical components and precept behind vehicles but a mechanic practically applies this knowledge to stainless the mechanical rationale and yet he may be of abject education. It is agreeable that e ducation takes much of an individual time and narrows his/her thinking order it to one channel.This is at the expense of exposing one-self to diversified interests and aspects that would be beneficial to ones life. A thermonuclear scientist might learn so much about nuclear science and lack understanding of how to manage his financial resources. Education for undisputable leads to very frustrated minds, although not all. It promises sometimes what cannot be delivered leaving one consumed by an unquenchable thirst and passion for things that life cannot offer. Although this is what leads to innovations and inventions, it leaves in its raise very frustrated people.However I find Nocks generalizations and insinuations regarding the social life unacceptable. Being educated does not simply incriminate that one does not associate with people. Although one may not unavoidably hang out with his/her childhood playmates, they still maintain close associations with those that they have sex the same interests with. However, I find Nocks view regarding education and training to be real and we should heed the advice and seek to train more than we educate.

Battling Boycotts Essay

1) foreland What type of ostracises the word is addressing? Answer The type for the boycott is the companys subject areaity, it would seem that vigour could be done. The business is boycotted through no fault of its own. And a ontogeny class of boycotts has very little to do with the actions or policies of an individual company. sooner they ar related to the companys country of origin. After all, it is uncomplete easy nor desirable to change the nationality of a company to shield it from a boycott attempt.2) Question What are the two dimensions along which the four strategies are developed? Explain? Answer The two dimensions along which the four strategies are developed are the visibleness of the scar and the intensity of the boycott. Brand visibleness is defined as an extent to a brand which is related to a country in its customers minds all over the world. The much visible the brand, the more likely it is to be targeted by boycotters. In peoples eyes, visibility is ve ry important.For example, the brand is very popular in a prone country where the customers dont strongly consider about its first country. However, another situation is that, the foreign brand is associated with a country in customers minds. Intensity can be mea veritabled in terms of size, age and aggressiveness. Size which means how many people are boycotting the brand or product. Duration refers to how long the boycott is likely to continue. And aggressiveness takes into account whether, in addition to boycotting products, violent acts are conducted against the outlets or offices of the company being boycotted.3) Question What strategies does the phrase suggest for businesses to adopt to handle boycotts of this type? Answer The strategies that the article suggest for businesses to adopt to handle boycotts of this type are emphasizing their connections to the topical anaesthetic anaesthetic community, to countering misinformation with advertising and public-relations campaig ns, to plain adopting a low profile. McDonalds is a high-visibility U.S. brand that has faced boycotts in different parts of the world. An anti-U.S. boycott was initiated in Egypt in recent years and has spread to other Arab countries.This action was because of the supporting to Israel by U.S.. Thus, topical anaesthetic McDonald established some management to connect with their communities including tailoring menus to local tastes, including the introduction by McDonalds Egypt of the McFalafel sandwich, which was launched with the help of an ad jingle by a famous Egyptian singer. McDonalds franchisees in the Middle eastmost and elsewhere also have long made contributions to local charities. Whats more, McDonalds franchisees also presented a local face in Moslem countries, Argentina, and the Philippines, such as launched TV ads, wore traditional clothing, changed slogan and set humane programs.For P&G, they also changed logo and set some slogans to respond right away to the rum ors. In the case of a high-visibility brand facing a low-intensity boycott we suggest a strategy of monitoring and blending in. in a high-intensity boycott environment, a company with low visibility whitethorn be better off adopting a strategy of lowering its profile, rather than actively trying to offset any say-so damage by touting its local connections. For example, a Saudi furniture store in Khobar that sells American furniture has tried lowering its visibility by changing its name from the Saudi-American piece of furniture Store to the Saudi Furniture Store. Because furniture isnt often distinctly associated with countries in the public mind, at least in the Middle East. A low-visibility company in a low-intensity boycott environment can simply maintain the status quo. But, they still must pay attention to the potential threats.4) Question In your opinion, what can companies do to influence their home governments policies that may affect their success in international marke ts? Answer In my period of time of view, I think we can not leave our own national interests in dealing with foreign affairs of other countries. Of course, we are not only talking about the national interests, but also the situation of reason in a rational and favorable circumstances to occupy the struggle strategy. In addition, we must also realize that, in like a shots globalization economic, countries in economic are interdependent which is passing popular. To be successful, there are some factors.First, they must make sure they have an appropriate team, such as the CEO, the CFO, legal counsel, auditors, accounting. Then, they have to fulfil the actual schedule and the host countries customs. Secondly, they need to know some of the weaknesses in their own businesses, identify problems that may arise in other countries, engagement a high-quality team, and improve operational efficiency. Finally, there is a high level of management support.

Essay Horse Meat

The briny conundrum out of the horse marrow squash scandal around atomic number 63, according to specialists, (SOURCE) is not the little terror to human health more all over more an issue of product line insecurity, as even major brands such(prenominal) as Nestle, Burger King and Findus fail to play the high standards their consumers expect by grappleing different products than those specified in the labels and promotion of their brands (SOURCE).Other problem is the lack of effectual traceability along the complex show chain for meat, where unscrupulous vendors substitute yell for horsemeat taking value of the lowest price and the fact that so many intermediates involved in the process does not make it easy to find a item-by-item responsible. The fact of this horsemeat scandal bursting in more than twelve countries in the European Union makes it compulsory to look over more exacting global regulations for meat products, regarding production, transit and labeling.The probl em is that victuals-safety regulations do exist but they be ceremonious by national governments and easily get wooly in the imports/exports activities, as there is still no formal enactment regarding the whole EU (SOURCE). For processed fodders, there is no global overview on where the nutrition completes from, says Monique Goyens, general director of the European Consumer Organization (Matlack, pg. , 2013). LabelingThe Food Standards procedure (FSA), from the UK, is an organism in charge of monitoring food safety and hygienics covering all the food supply chain, from slaughterhouses to final caterers. Their responsibilities cover wight welfare, food safety and hygiene, labeling, nutrition, and law enforcement across the UK. (SOURCE http//www. food. gov. uk/ nigh-us/about-the-fsa/. UTT5GaKQU8o). In this way, one of its main objectives is to get wind costumer? s and business? safety by offer instruction and guidance upon best practices and legal regulations.Following d evelopment retrieved from FSA website, it is found that the European Parliament O.K. a new Food Information for Consumers commandment (FIR) in July 2011, which should apply to all member estates within the EU (SOURCE) this tuition has been published in the Official daybook of the EU although transitional arrangements are being made at the moment, which means that these regulations won? t legally apply until 2014. The objective of the FIR, as Chapter I, Article I from the Official Journal describes, is o establish the requirements governing food information for suppliers, focused on labeling, in all the storys of the food chain to look into the right of consumers to information and safe food (Official Journal of the EU, 2011, pg. 24). In this way, very specific information about labeling legislation can be found in Chapter III, about General Food Information Requirements and Responsibilities of Food Business Operators, as word 7 on Fair Information Practices reads 1.Food info rmation shall not be misleading, particularly (a) as to the characteristics of the food and, in particular, as to its nature, identity, properties, composition, quantity, durability, country of inception or place of provenance, method of require or production (b) by attributing to the food effects or properties which it does not possess (c) by suggesting that the food possesses special characteristics when in fact all similar foods possess such characteristics, in particular by specifically emphasizing the presence or absence of certain ingredients and/or nutrients d) by suggesting, by means of the appearance, the rendering or pictorial re relegateations, the presence of a particular food or an ingredient, while in reality a component naturally present or an ingredient normally used in that food has been substituted with a different component or a different ingredient. (Official Journal of the EU, 2011, pg. 27) As for the cocktail dress of prepared meals (including frozen), whe re meat is just an ingredient among another(prenominal)s, article 18 specifies 1. The list of ingredients shall be headed or preceded by a suitable brain which consists of or includes the word ingredients.It shall include all the ingredients of the food, in descending lodge of weight, as recorded at the time of their use in the manufacture of the food. (Official Journal of the EU, 2011, pg. 30) It is also stated, in accordance to the Treaty on the mathematical operation of the European Union (Article 114) that the indication of origin is mandatory for beef and beef products in the Union? s effort to follow the bovine spongiform encephalopathy crisis, which has increased consumer? s expectations (Official Journal of the EU, 2011).The EU Parliament believes it is compulsory to gossip this declaration also to other well-consumed types of meat such as swine, sheep, tail end and poultry. Still, they are many gaps left open as for horsemeat matters and the efficient application of the laws mentioned above during the transitional period for the establishment of the new FIR. When a food information law is introduced with new requirements, it is said that a transitional period should be granted for businesses and supplier to adapt to this new legislation.In the case of the new FIR, which was accepted in July 2011, the bedeck period will choke until 2014. In the meanwhile, suppliers not complying with the new legislation are authorized to point out their products and labels to the food market and stay there until they? re exhausted, even if the grace period is over before that occurs. (Official Journal of the EU, 2011) Nevertheless, practically of these requirements already existed and were utilize for national governments before the horsemeat scandal, ignoring EU? legislation and passing over law enforcements even from specialized food safety agencies like the FSA in the UK. Traceability and business? responsibility Meat passes through a very mountainous chain of suppliers, where the priority is to get meat for the lowest price possible. With the come to of getting more money and the vague, not enforced legislation, it seems easy to suppliers to sell less quality or different product s as what their consumer? s would like to buy.Consequently, in cases like the horsemeat scandal that Europe is facing, a responsible for the offence is hard to find. Still, it is fair to say that much of the responsibility relies in every business involved in this fraud, for let unscrupulous suppliers and products inside their market on to their customers. Even if there didn? t exist any laws applied to this, it is the business? social responsibility to ensure that whatever is in their shelves for sale is safety and trustable.It is their duty, as responsible vendors, to do deep monitoring and recording requirements of the products and suppliers they work with every certain period, to ensure the quality and prestige of their brand and keep a track of w here their products come from to ensure safety. Matlack, C. writes for the Bloomberg Businessweek Journal (February 2013) that frozen beef meals sold to Britain, Sweden and France supermarkets, were prepared in a Luxembourg factory who bought the meat from another French supplier, who got it from a Cyprot trader, who bought it from a Dutch trader, who obtained the meat from a Romanian slaughterhouse.None of them suppliers admit to complete it was horsemeat what they were selling. Four different countries interfered in trading vast quantities of meat across national borders bad supervision at any stage made it all went wrong. Since 2004, the General Food Regulation should be followed by all businesses and consumers interested in safety regulations for their foods regarding imports and exports, traceability, labeling and withdrawal of products.This regulation was approved by the FSA and the European Parliament and Council, is extended throughout Great Britain, and established the Eur opean Food Safety Authority (General Food Regulation, 2004). Within this document, the followers is established (a) Articles 11 and 12, on imports and exports Food imported or exported into or from the EU to be placed in the market shall comply with the requirements of food law recognized by the EU, unless the importing country requests to follow other law and regulations. (b) Article 14 which prohibits the placing of unsafe food on the market c) Article 16 in so far as it prohibits labeling, publicizing or presentation of food from misleading consumers (d) Article 18 on traceability in so far as it imposes obligations on food business operators (e) Article 19 which imposes obligations* on food business operators to act where food is not in compliance with food safety requirements. *Keep records of food, food substances and food-producing animals supplied to their business, and also other businesses to which their products have been supplied (General Food Regulation, 2004, pg6).

The Study of English Reading Strategies for English Majors in Ielts

The Study of incline interlingual rendition strategies for position big league in IELTS position Education De ruinment of College of Foreign interchangeings Capital expression University June 2012 Contents I. demonstration3 II. Literature survey. . 4 2. 1 The explanation of narration . 4 2. 2 The definition of side of meat information dodge .. 5 2. 3 The meter see tail assemblyvas items in IELTS . 6 2. 4 The position bedledge strategies in IELTS 7 III. Research roveological analysis7 3. 1 Instruments 3. 2 Research Setting and sampling 9 3. 3 Design. .. 9 3. 4 Analyzing Procedures.. 9 IV. Results and Discussion 10 4. 1 Results 10 4. 2 Discussion.. 12 V. Conclusion.. 13 5. 1 Major shapeings13 5. 2 Implications14 5. 3 Limitations. 15 5. 4 Future studies. 15 VI. References.. 15 appendix . 7 I. Introduction 1. Background of the interrogation Nowadays, to a greater extent(prenominal) and more Chinese students choose to analyse or travel abroad, so English becomes more and more of import. foreign English Language examen System (IELTS) is an international cadenceized examine of English language proficiency (Wikipedia, 2011). It becomes one of the considerably-nigh popular exams for those who inquire to go abroad. In IELTS, interpretation is the almost difficult part for virtually(prenominal) coffin naildidates, beca accustom in one hour candidates should finish 3 overtakings and 40 trial run items. And most candidates dumbfound problems either understanding the master matter or completing all the sections. Keller, 2010) Even English majors, can non do well in the t apieceing try divulge. They usually lose many piles in interlingual rendition establish. Almost every examinee wants to improve their standard of interpreting. Although they try to single-valued function some strategies which were taught by their t from each oneers or trainers, they cant go for these strategies effectively. Many scholars (Li, 201 0Luo, 2010Shen, 2011Yao, 2011Tierney, Robert J. 2000 Readence, John E. , Hosenfeld, Carol, 2003) from home and abroad flummox nonice that the affair of English interpreting strategies ar very important and use adequate to(p) for candidates to do the English training schoolbookual matters in IELTS.They in like manner find that how to use sundry(a) strategies effectively. For example, shaving is one of the most frequently utilize strategies in IELTS. plane refers to yarn a paragraph quickly to allow an base of what it is ab egress, with break through trying to understand its details. said by Dr Vivek(2009). 2. Significance of the research Although teachers and trainers induct introduced many strategies of English variant, most of the students, correct English majors who abbreviate the exam of IELTS, always key many mis births in the interpreting tests. In fact, many scholars (Li, 2010Luo, 2010Shen, 2011Yao, 2011Tierney, Robert J. 2000 Readence, John E. Hosen feld, Carol, 2003) or teachers squander already concluded various strategies for English translation test. For example, students or examinees should use the dodge skim to denotation a paragraph or a passage quickly to recover an idea of what it is or so, without trying to understand its details. However, many students, even English majors, scarcely know the takings of sliver, moreover cannot apply this strategy right on and effectively to their information test. In addition, because the time is express, examiners do not restrain time to use the adaptation strategies he has look intot. Or maybe they seaportt developed the translation skills in his former study.Therefore, research in this atomic number 18a leave be of great significance. This research aims to find out English Majors condition and the existing problem in employ the cultivation strategies in IELTS. For students and examinees, it will c are them to understand the basic meaning of each strategy, to form their own cultivation skills, and to use various strategies effectively in different patient ofs of see test items IELTS and to make less mistakes in the test. 3. Hypothesis This study aims at investigating what the cultivation strategies are, when they should be use and how to use various strategies effectively.It can provide some suggestions of exploitation reading strategies for English majors to take the exam of IELTS. 4. Research dubiousnesss What are the English reading strategies in IELTS for English majors? When various strategies can be employ in different reading test items in IELTS? How to use various strategies in IELTS reading test effectively? II. Literature Review 2. The definition of reading Far from being a passive skill, reading, is in fact, an active execution of instrument in which readers relate information in the text to what they already known. Knowledge of language allows readers to identify the printed run-in and sentences.The purposes of g ood readers are meaningful that they do not decode each letter or each word. Instead, they take in chunks of the text and relate it to what they know. Traditionally, many psycholo inwardnesss and teachers gravel insisted that reading is nothing more than decoding writing symbols to sounds. (i. e. figuring out what the printed word says). Others traditionally have insisted that reading involves not just now decoding from print to sound, but also comprehending the written material. Forrest-Pressley and Waller (1984) felt that reading is not merely a decoding process nor it is solely a wisdom.Reading process is not erect a decoding plus cognizance but reading involves even more. It involves at least tierce types of skills decoding, comprehension and disposition reading strategies (Forrest-Pressley & Brown, 1984 Brown, 1980). Besides, reading traditionally has been considered as cognitive task. An unfortunate consequence of such a view of reading is that there has been no way o f life for concern for the executive control that is done by a hot reader. Only recently have several authors (e. g. Baker Brown, 1984 Brown, 1980 Myers & Pairs, 1928) suggested that reading office involve metacognition as well as cognition.Johnson (1983) has attempted to approach the unveil of accessing comprehension from a rational point of view. He origin considers what reading comprehension is, and then considers what factors influence it and its assessment including reader and text characteristics. He comes to a definition of reading comprehension That is reading comprehension is considered to be a complex behavior, which involves conscious and unconscious uses of various strategies, including problem resolving power strategies, to build a model of the meaning, which is assumed to have intended.The model is constructed utilize schematic knowledge structures and the various agreements, which the writer has given (e. g. words, syntax, macrostructure, social information) t o relent hypotheses, which are tested apply carious logical and pragmatic strategies. most of this model must be inferred, since text can never be mounty explicit and, in general, very little of it is explicit because even the appropriate intentional and extensional meanings of words must be inferred from their context. (1983). 2. The definition of English reading strategyIt would be helpful to review a compact definition of reading strategies, but unfortunately, there is no consensus among researchers. At least, ternary problems persist. First, it is not clear how to differentiate reading strategies from opposite processes that might be called thinking, reasoning, perceptual study or motivational strategies. Weinstein and Mayer (1986) defined cognitive strategies as a broad array of actions that help to control behavior, emotions, motivation, communication, attention, and comprehension.Although each kind of strategies might influence reading, not all researchers would class ify them as reading strategies. A southward problem concerns the scope strategies are they global or item? Levin (1986) argued that strategies include sevenfold components that must be conservatively analyzed, whereas Derry and stump spud (1986) distinguished strategies as general learning plans that are difficult to differentiate when they are embed in complex sequences of behavior or hierarchies of decision. The thirdly problem involves internationality and consciousness, considering these opposing viewpoints. To be a strategy, the means must be employed deliberately, with some awareness, in revisal to produce or influence the goal. (Wellman, 1988) Also, it is now recognized that strategies function at its best occurs without deliberation. It is more reflexive than voluntary (Pressley, Forrest-Pressley & Elliot-Faust, 1988) Since the 1970s there has been no shortage of L2 (Second Language Learning) theorists advocating teaching students to use a variety of reading strateg ies in order to read better.There strategies run argument form the traditionally recognized reading skills of sliver and scan, contextual guessing or skipping unknown words, tolerating ambiguity, reading for meaning, tiny reading and make inferences, to more recently recognized strategies text structure (Block). Researchers in the L1 (First Language Learning) and L2 fields have demonstrated that strategy employ is different in proficient readers. More proficient readers use them in different ways. 2. The reading test items in IELTS TURE/FALSE/NOT wedded SUMMARY HEADING MUTILPCHIOCE COMPLETION SHORT ANSWER TABLE matching In our research, we will rivet on the deuce kinds of reading test items in IELTS TURE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN and MUTILPCHIOCE. In IELTS, these two kinds of test items are utilise with high frequency. Many of the examinees in IELTS often make mistakes in these two kinds of test items. Therefore, we will carry out research of reading strategies on these two part s and figure out whether English majors use reading strategies to do these two kinds of test items in IELTS. 2. The English reading strategies in IELTSSearch reading is the strategy likely to be used by candidates to help them find specific information and service as quickly and accurately as possible in reading examinations. Search reading is defined by Urqhuart and Weir (1998) as the strategy used to locate and comprehend discrete pieces of information on predetermined topics in order to answer a set of brains or provide data. harmonize to the authors, the readers do not necessarily have to start by reading the whole text to frig around the gist. Moreover, search reading seems to be harmonious at different points with scanning, skimming and careful global reading (i. . comprehension of the main ideas in the text). That is, the inaugural step in search reading involves the process of locating (scanning) the words that are noted in a question and matching them to the same or r elated information in the text. Skimming is then used to select the specific text that seems important to answer the question. Consequently, the text selected will be read more conservatively to find out if it definitely answers the question, which means careful global reading will then take place (by reference to the parts of the text selected and not to the whole text, as discussed above).Search reading is also addressed by some other authors such as Dreher (1992), Guthrie and Kirsch (1987), Symons and Specht (1994), as well as Enright et al. (2000) specifically in relation to English language reading examinations. III. Research methodological analysis 1. Instruments In this research, we will use individual interview and think out loud as our research methods. The main advantage of face-to-face or strike interviews is that the researcher can adapt the questions as necessary, clarify doubt and verify that the responses are properly understood, by repeating or rephrasing the qu estions. Peter,2010) The researcher can also pick up nonverbal cues from the respondent. Any discomfort, express and problems that the respondent experiences can be detected through frowns, nervous mag tape and other body language, unconsciously exhibited by any person. We will inclination several questions related to our topic. A notable advantage of think out loud protocols over individual interviews as a data collection method with respect to information behavior is that they are at least able to elicit data at the time of the experience in question and the accuracy of the material contributed will therefore not be alter by lapses in memory. Manguel, 2008) To investigate whether a search reading strategy is used in reading examinations, a questionnaire asked 40 international postgraduate students who had done IELTS which strategies they used when reading text and answering questions in the donnish reading task. The questionnaire was composed of a single question, which ask ed participants to choose the steps they followed and to hurtle them in order (as illustrated in Appendix A). These steps were based on the steps recommended for the IELTS reading module (Jakeman & McDowell, 2001), but three steps were added to exposit the scope of the questionnaire.Participants reported that they underlined the key words in the questions (23 participants), scanned the passage to find the key words (23 participants) and read the text around the key word carefully after finding it (30 participants). These results, therefore, suggest that the most common strategy used when reading under time pressure in examinations is harmonious with search reading (as described at the beginning of this section). Furthermore, it seems that two explicit aspects of selective processing are knobbed in search reading perceptual and conceptual processing of text.This distinction is based on Massons (1982, 1985) image of cognitive processes in skimming stories. Applying Massons poss ibleness to English language reading examinations, candidates may look for visual features, i. e. key words, in the text germane(predicate) to the question, which is a perceptual process. Having located the pertinent information, they then more carefully read the phrases containing the key words so that the answer can be found, accurately comprehended and extracted to answer the question, which is a conceptual process. 2.Research Setting and try We did our research in Capital Normal University. In this research, we chose three English majors to be the interviewees. First, the three interviewees watched the interview one by one. They were asked some questions nigh English reading strategies. These might help us researchers know more about the interviewees and their knowledge, opinion and recognition of reading strategies. Then, the three interviewees attended the think-aloud one by one. We researchers chose one piece of IELTS reading passage for the interviewees to finish.During the test, they were asked some questions about the test items and their feelings about reading test age they were doing the test. The whole passage Search begins for Earth beyond solar system (shown in the appendix) 3. Design During the interview, we will ask interviewees to answer some questions about reading strategies, such as their recognition of English reading strategies, the usage of reading strategies, the effect of using reading strategies, etc. During the think-aloud, we will give each of them a piece of IELTS reading passage, and ask them to finish all the exercises after the passage.When they are doing the exercise, we will ask them one or two questions of each test item about English reading strategies. 4. Analyzing Procedures stones throw 1 Select three English majors from the CNU in different levels. Step 2 The three interviewees will be interviewed individually. Several questions about reading strategies will be asked. Their answer will be record in a excel file. S tep 3 The three students will attend the think-aloud interview one by one. During they do the reading test, several intentional questions will be asked. Step 4 Collect their answers and compare with each other. When did you begin Will you use reading Reading strategies can helpWould you like to How about your Do you know what is readingto know reading strategies during reading you improve your English inknow more about reading scores? strategies? strategies? texts? Please lay out thesewhich aspects? reading strategies? by using frequency. Candidate A The first question replace the pilot light words by using the four choices. Question 2 5 rereading the text, and then finding out the key sentences and translating. The first question using easy lay method to leave out C and D, and then using scanning. Question 2 5 using skimming strategy first of all to find out these statements, and then using scanning strategy to get the right answers. From the above table, we can find out exclusive method, skimming and scanning are three reading strategies most frequently used by candidates. Usually, when candidates finish six-fold choice questions, they would like to use exclusive method to ignore one or two interferential choices. And then they can choose possible answer from rest two choices, so they have 50% opportunity to get right answer. Question 2 to question 5 are veritable or false questions. Candidates used skimming to find out where are these sentences in the original text.When they focused on one sentence, they will use scanning to search for certain words to figure out whether the statement is true(p) or false or not given. 4. Discussion The purpose of the study was to investigate the condition of English reading strategies for English majors in IELTS. The findings clearly suggest that most students have learnt and used the strategies in their reading. For the quaternate choice items in the IELTS exam, scanning is the most effectua l strategy. We can find out the relational part of the key words in the item.The students who have learnt the reading strategies outperformed those who didnt know the reading strategies in every aspect as shown by their performance during the think-aloud part. (The first student and third student have learnt English reading strategies before, while the second student did not know reading strategies before. So he used longer time finishing the same yield items but break-danceed in the exam. ) They showed particular strengths in the IELTS reading section, suggesting that the reading strategies they have been taught really help the students to understand and focus on the test of their reading.It also seems to be the case that skimming should become a natural first step to any kind of reading readers do - articles, books, newspapers, and even advertisements or bus schedules( , 1999). In the short answer questions part, skimming is becoming more helpful for examinees. Skimming the text means reading very quickly. fair look at the headings, subheadings and the first lines of each section or paragraph. The examinees need to catch the key points of the test in limited time, so skimming can save up much time than reading the test one word after another.Another reason for the benefits of reading strategies may be that scanning is a search for information which is often some specific information ( , 1997). This supports and adds to the findings of Wang Li (2011), who showed similar results for English reading strategies. In the true/false/not given items, scanning can not be more proper than any other strategies. Scanning a text means looking for a specific piece of information or specific words. Ignore the information that is not relevant to your purpose.Scanning is a serviceable strategy to apply when the questions ask for factual information. This study has taken a step in the direction of justifying the effect of English reading strategies for English majors in th e IELTS. These reading strategies can not only fire students understanding when they do reading exercises, but also improve students reading ability. It may be the case that students who do not familiar with the reading strategies may be easily fail the IELTS compared to those who have already learnt and use reading strategies before.It is also not clear whether skimming and scanning are the most useful reading strategies for IELTS, such as note-taking and summary would acquire to the same extent. The approach outlined in this study should be replicated with other students in other classes, as well as at other levels in order to be able to recommend the effect of English reading strategies for IELTS for English majors. V. Conclusion 5. Major findings 1. English reading strategies in IELTS From the whole research, we find that although there are so many reading strategies in reading text, informants use skimming and scanning most frequently.In IELTS reading test, there are 8 types questions true or false questions, summary, heading, multiple choice, completion, short answer, table and matching, while, scanning and skimming can be used in most kinds of questions. In other words, scanning and skimming are the basic reading strategies in IELTS reading test. 2. The proper way to use various reading strategies in IELTS It is generally believed the first passage is easier than the second and third. Sometimes, however, this doesnt hold true. So, before attempting the passages, informants do an overview to get an idea about the subject matter.Different strategies can be adopted to attempt different passages. These may be skimming and scanning, reading intensively and a hit-and-trial method. In this research, we will just focus on two kinds of reading strategies-skimming and scanning. The formats of the questions in the IELTS are multiple choice, gap-fills, short answer questions, matching and true/false/not given. Skimming the text means reading very quickly. Just l ook at the headings, subheadings and first lines of each section or paragraph. Also notice the key words repeated throughout the text.The main purpose is to understand the gist the general idea of the text. When you need to give a title of the test, skimming can help you. Also, matching part acquire you to skim the test in a short time. Scanning a text means looking for a specific piece of information or specific words. Ignore the information that is not relevant to your purpose. Scanning is a useful strategy to apply when the questions ask for specific factual information. For example, in the multiple choices, gap-fills, true/false/not given items, scanning can not be more helpful than any other strategies. . Implications As it can be seen in the findings and discussion, English majors do know some English reading strategies while they are doing reading tests. In IELTS, the reading strategies for different kinds of reading test items are various. So this research may help English majors understand more about the English reading strategies for different reading test items in IELTS. They may get higher scores in IELTS after knowing and making full use of the various reading strategies. 5. Limitations In all, the research findings are limited by the very nature of the method used.For example, the interviews are finished only in one university and the interviewees are only three. The data may not be accurately. The study of the English reading strategies and the reading test items in IELTS are limited. We just conduct the research on some of the strategies and two kinds of test items. However, due to the physical condition, time limitation, etc, the limitations cannot be overcome. 5. Further studies In the future, we may focus on the study of the rest kinds of English reading strategies and reading test items.It is believed that reading strategies come to help for students or examinees to take exams. The further studies may be helpful for English majors to do re ading tests better in IELTS. VI. References 1. Camboune, B. (2001). Why do some students fail to learn to read? Ockhams razar and the conditions of learning. The Reading Teacher, 54, (8), 784-786 2. Csaba Csikos and Janos Steklacs, Metacognition-Based Reading Intervention Programs Among Fourth-Grade Hungarian Students, 2010 3. Davis, M. , & Lyons, S. (2001). Improving reading Reading ideas from two teachers. Voices from the Middle 8, (4), 51-57. . Dr Vivek. (2009) Tips for Reading, IELTS Section AIPPG, Retrieved from http//www. aippg. com/ielts/reading-tips-ielts. hypertext mark-up language 5. Dr Vivek. (2009) Tips for the Reading Test, IELTS Section AIPPG, Retrieved from http//www. aippg. com/ielts/strategies%20for%20reading. htm 6. Dreher, M. J. (1992). Searching for information in textbooks. Journal of Reading, 35 (5), 364371. Web of cognition generation Cited 14 7. Enright, M. K. , Grabe, W. , Koda, K. , Mosenthal, P. , Mulcahy-Ernt, P. & Schedl, M. (2000). TOEFL 2000 reading framework A working paper. TOEFL Monograph Series Report No. 17.Princeton, NJ Educational Testing Service. 8. Forrest-Presley and Waller (1984) Metacognition About Reading Is Related to Reading Performance A stimulation About Jacobs and Paris Educational Psychologist Volume 24, Issue 2, 1989 9. Guthrie, J. T. & Kirsch, I. S. (1987). Distinctions between reading comprehension and locating information in text. Journal of Educational Psychology, 79 (3), 220227. CrossRef,Web of Science 10. Hosenfeld, Carol A Preliminary Investigation of the Reading Strategies of booming and No successful Second Language Learners http//eric. ed. gov/ERICWebPortal/search/detailmini. sp? _nfpb=true=EJ162478=no=EJ162478 11. Hurst,C. O. (2000). Guided reading can strengthen comprehension skills. Teaching Pre k-8 31, (2) 70-71 12. Jakeman, V. & McDowell, C. (2001). IELTS traffic pattern tests plus Teaching not just testing. Harlow, Essex Longman. 13. Johnson, P. (2002). Strategies that work Teaching compr ehension to enhance understanding. Instructor, 111 (8), 30-43 14. Keller, J. M. (2010). IELTS Reading Strategies. Tcyonline. Retrieved from http//www. tcyonline. com/betterthink/ielts-reading-test-strategies 15. Macmilland Dictionary ttp//www. macmillandictionary. com/dictionary/british/IELTS 16. Masson, M. E. J. (1982). Cognitive processes in skimming stories. Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 8 (5), 400417. CrossRef,Web of Science 17. Masson, M. E. J. (1985). Rapid reading processes and skills. In G. E. MacKinnon & T. G. Waller (Eds. ), Reading research Advances in theory and practice, Vol. 4. (pp. 183230). New York Academic Press. 18. Symons, S. & Specht, J. A. (1994). Including both time and accuracy in formation text search efficiency. Journal of Reading Behavior, 26 (3), 267276.Web of Science Times Cited 5 19. Tierney, Robert J. Readence, John E. Reading Strategies and Practices A Compendium. Fifth Edition. http//eric. ed. gov/ERICWebPortal/ search/detailmini. jsp? _nfpb=true=ED448405=no=ED448405 20. Urqhuart, S. & Weir, C. (1998). Reading in a second language Process, harvest-home and practice. London Longman. 21. Wikipedia http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/IELTS 22. . (2011) , ,Retrieved from http//bj. xdf. cn/publish/portal24/tab16996/info647081. htm 23. J. . 010. 10 24. J. ( )2010. 9 25. J. ( ). 2011. 7 26. J. . 2011. 12 Appendix 1. Individual Interview Questions 1. Do you what is reading strategies? 2. When do you begin to learn about reading strategies? 3. , , Do you usually use the reading strategies in doing reading tests? What kind of strategies did you use? Please put them in order according to frequency. 4. Do you think reading strategies do help in your reading test? And how? 5. , Whats your reading score in the vast reading? 2. The whole passage Search begins for Earth beyond solar system Staff and agencies Wednesday December 27, 2006 Guardian Unlimited 1. A European aloofnesscraft took off today to spearhead the search for another Earth among the stars. 2. The Corot space telescope blasted off aboard a Russian Soyuz projectile from the Baikonur cosmodrome in Kazakhstan shortly after 2. 20pm. 3. Corot, short for convection rotation and planetary transits, is the first instrument capable of finding small scratchy planets beyond the solar system.Any such planet situated in the right plain stands a good chance of having fluidity water on its surface, and quite perhaps life, although a leading scientist involved in the project said it was unconvincing to find any little green men. 4. Developed by the French space agency, CNES, and partnered by the European Space Agency (ESA), Austria, Belgium, Germany, brazil-nut tree and Spain, Corot will monitor around 120,000 stars with its 27cm telescope from a polar orbit 514 miles above the Earth. Over two and a half years, it will focus on five to six different areas of the sky, measuring the spark of about 10,000 stars eve ry 512 seconds. . At the present moment we are hoping to find out more about the nature of planets around stars which are potential habitats. We are looking at habitable planets, not inhabited planets. We are not going to find any little green men, Professor Ian Roxburgh, an ESA scientist who has been involved with Corot since its inception, told the BBC Radio 4 Today programme. 6. Prof Roxburgh said it was hoped Corot would find rocky planets that could develop an atmosphere and, if they are the right distance from their parent star, they could have water. 7.To search for planets, the telescope will look for the dimming of starlight caused when an object passes in front of a star, known as a transit. Although it will take more sophisticated space telescopes planned in the following 10 years to confirm the presence of an Earth-like planet with oxygen and liquid water, Corot will let scientists know where to point their lenses. 8. Measurements of minute changes in brightness will en able scientists to detect giant Jupiter-like gas planets as well as small rocky ones. It is the rocky planets that could be no big than about twice the size of the Earth which will cause the most

Enzymes: Lab Report

Introductory biology 1 biology 1003 Fall Term 2011 Lab Number 3 Title Cell Energetics Enzyme Role in Biological Reactions Name Brandon Moore assimilator Number 100819124 Lab day and time Wednesday pm Date Wednesday November 23, 2011 origin Enzymes ar a key aspect in our allday c atomic number 18er and argon a key to sustaining life. They are biological catalysts that help animate up the lay of replys. They do this by belittledering the activation vigour of chemical responses (biota De classifyment, 2011). In chemical reactions bonds must be broken and vernal bonds must be formed.In order of battle for this to go on the bonds must be made less stable. For bonds to become less stable a smooth input of energy is required and this is called the activation energy. In simpler terms, in order for a reaction to begin and proceed spontaneously a small(a) input energy is required to give the reaction a affect and get it started (Cooper, 2000). As said before catalysts are chemical agents utilise to accele respect up the outranks of reactions. The biological catalyst is a assembly of proteins called enzymes. Enzymes work by economic crisisering the activation energy and making it easier for the eactants to draw the necessary energy to break the kinetic barrier. Even though enzymes speed up the locate of reaction, they do non change the free energy of the reactants and the products (Russel et al. , 2010). Enzymes work by combining with reacting whits at the wide awake site. Each enzyme is detail to still one kind of molecule and apprise unless arrest to its item molecule. The active site is a groove in the enzyme where the molecule get out adjudge to this is formed by the enzyme folding into a specific shape.When the enzyme is done and the molecules are then in the transitional state, which means the bonds are unstable and ready to be broken, the enzyme remains unchanged and fecal matter dwell to bind to other molecules (Russel et al. , 2010). Enzymes induce the transition state by ternary major tools. The first is by bringing the reacting molecules together. The reactants bind in the active site of the enzyme in the right orientation for catalysis to occur. The second implement works by the enzyme exposing the reactant molecule to altered charge environments.The third mechanism is by changing the shape of a substratum molecule (Russel et al. , 2010). The conditions world studied on how they affect enzyme activity are compactness, ph, and temperature. As the concentration of enzymes profits the rate at which products are formed likewise appends. It is also reliable as the concentration of the substratum increases the rate of the reaction result also increase until the enzymes r all(prenominal) their maximum rate at which they arse indecadesify with the substrates. Each enzyme has a best possible pH where it works at its best. allthing that changes on either side of the best pH give strike the rate of the reaction. Finally as temperature raises so does the rate of the reaction besides only to a certain signifyedness. As the temperature raises the frequency and strength of collisions allow increase, however if the temperature rises too high the hydrogen bonds of the enzyme break and it unfolds making it ineffectual to accept any molecules due to its active site being destroyed. To hold open the make of these third conditions on enzyme activity spectrophotometry is used.A spectrophotometer works by measuring the nitty-gritty of light a compound in reply absorbs. As the concentration of the solution increases much light is absorbed (Biology De severalisement, 2011). The point of this experiment is to bear witness and observe the effects of concentration, pH, and temperature on enzyme activity. Methods In part I of the lab obtain six small glass thermionic vacuum undergrounds in a test subway rack. After the six small provides are obtained, add fifteen drops o f distilled water to underground 1, ten drops to tube 2 and 3, pentad drops to tube 4, and no drops to tubes 5 and 6.Once distilled water is added flipper drops of the substrate solution were then added to tube 2, 4 and 6. there were no drops of substrate solution added to tubes 1 and 3, and ten drops were added to tube 6. After the substrate solution was added, volt drops of the enzyme were quickly set(p) in tubes 3, 4 and 5. There were no drops of enzyme added in tubes 1 and 2 and in tube 6 ten drops were added. Once the enzyme solution has been added the tubes were then left to incubate for ten proceeding and after five drops of DNSA solution were added to tubes 1 to 6. The tubes were then lay in a hot block at 80-90oC for five minutes.They were then taken out after the five minute period and employ a 5 ml pipette, 5 ml of distilled water were added to the 6 tubes and varietyed by inversion. Once everything was complete the 6 tubes were then taken to the Milton Roy Com pany Spectronic 21 and the absorbance of each tube was tested. In part II of the lab six small glass tubes were obtained in a test tube rack. Ten drops of distilled water were then added to test tube 1, five drops to tubes 2-4, and no drops in tubes 5 and 6. Five drops of 0. 1M HCl were added to test tube 5 and five drops of 0. 1M NaOH to test tube 6.Five drops of enzyme were then added to all tubes chuck out tube 1. tube 3 was then dictated in the meth pail and tube 4 was placed in the hot bucket at 80-900C for five minutes, the remaining tubes were left in the test tube rack. After the five minutes five drops of 1% starch was added to every tube and left to sit for ten minutes. After ten minutes five drops of DNSA were then added to all the tubes. All the tubes were then taken and placed in the hot bucket at 80-900C and left to incubate for five minutes. After the five minutes, take a 5 ml pipette and add 3 ml of distilled water to each tube and mix with inversion.Once everyt hing is complete the tubes were then taken to the Milton Roy Company Spectronic 21 and the absorbance of each tube was tested. Results In part I tubes 1-3 had a very low absorbance. In tube 4 when the enzyme and substrate were drive home the absorbance increase intimately from below 0. 1 to a mean of 0. 53. When two times the kernel of substrate was added in tube 5 the absorbance increased again from a mean of 0. 53 to 0. 57. Finally when two times the amount of enzymes was added the absorbance increased a final time from 0. 57 to 0. 63. postpone 1. The effects of diverse concentrations on the absorbance of solutions Lab sort out tobacco pipe 1 Abs. tube-shaped structure 2 Abs. pipework 3 Abs. Tube 4 Abs. Tube 5 Abs. Tube 6 Abs. Our root 0 0. 05 0. 09 0. 55 0. 68 0. 66 Group 2 0 0 0 0. 61 0. 725 0. 75 Group 3 0. 01 0. 02 0. 01 0. 42 0. 3 0. 49 Mean 0. 0033 0. 023 0. 33 0. 53 0. 57 0. 63 SD 0. 0058 0. 025 0. 049 0. 097 0. 23 0. 13 SE 0. 0033 0. 015 0. 029 0. 056 0. 14 0. 076 Tube 1 was the control and recorded a low absorbance of approximately 0. 01. Tube 2 contained the enzyme and substrate and the absorbance rose to a mean of 0. 54. When tube three was heated and tube 4 was cooled the absorbance ecreased to 0. 32 and 0. 38. Finally solution of 0. 1M HCl was added to tube 5 and the absorbance diminutiond to 0. 0025, and solution of 0. 1M NaOH was added to tube 6 and the absorbance decreased to 0. 13. Table 2. The effects of pH and temperature on the absorbance of different solutions Lab Group Tube 1 Abs. Tube 2 Abs. Tube 3 Abs. Tube 4 Abs. Tube 5 Abs. Tube 6 Abs. Our Group 0 0. 63 0. 39 0 0 0. 4 Group 2 0 0. 15 0. 9 0 0 0. 01 Group 3 0. 05 0. 85 0. 49 0. 11 0. 01 0. 08 Group 4 0 0. 54 0. 31 0. 04 0 0. 03 Mean 0. 013 0. 54 0. 32 0. 038 0. 0025 0. 13 SD 0. 025 0. 29 0. 17 0. 52 0. 005 0. 18 SE 0. 013 0. 15 0. 085 0. 026 0. 0025 0. 091 Discussion Enzymes are biological catalysts that reduce the activation energy in order to increase the rate of the reaction. Increases in concentration increase the rate of the reaction, change in pH from the optimum impart decrease the rate of a reaction, and increasing temperature allowing also increase the rate of reaction until a certain point is reached (Worthington biochemical Corporation. 1972). objet dart I of the lab focused on the effects of concentration on pH. When we look at table I we asshole see that tubes 1-3 had very low absorbances. Tube 1 was the control that contained only water and no reaction occurred. In tube 2 the enzyme was non present which meant that the reaction occurred spontaneously without any help, then a low absorbance. Tube 3 contained the enzyme but lacked the substrate, which meant nothing was bonding to the active sites and reaction could not occur. In tube 4 both substrate and enzyme were present and the absorbance rose greatly from approximately 0 to a mean of almost 0. 3. This perfectly demonstrates that with the addition of an enzyme th e product concentration increases and so does the rate of reaction. To tube 5, two times the amount of substrate was added and absorbance increased again to a mean of 0. 57. This shows that more substrate was present and readily available to bind to the active sites. Last was tube 6 which contained two times the amount of enzyme and again the absorbance rose to approximately 0. 63. The increase of enzymes allowed for more active sites to be readily available to bind to the molecules (Worthington Biochemical Corporation. 1972).When viewing the info obtained and study it to what is known about concentration effects on enzyme activity it can be accurately concluded that the data obtained is fairly accurate. As the enzyme concentration is kept the same and the substrate concentration increases the rate of reaction will also increase. This makes sense since now there are more molecules of substrate available to bond to the active sites. Increasing concentration will only increase the r ate of reaction until a certain point is met. This point occurs when too much substrate is added and all available enzymes are already working.When this occurs the concentration increase no long-term has an effect on the reaction rate. This is also true with the increase in concentration of the enzyme. The more enzymes there are the more active sites available to bond to the molecules. The increase in enzyme concentration will also increase the rate of reaction. This concludes effectively that the data obtained effectively demonstrates the effects of concentration on the rates of reactions (Worthington Biochemical Corporation. 1972). Part II of the lab focused on the effects of temperature and pH on enzyme activity.When viewing table II it can be seen that tube 1 had a very low absorbance, due to it being the control and not containing any substrate or enzyme. Tube 2 contained the substrate and enzyme and thus the absorbance increased greatly to a mean of 0. 54. When looking at the changes of pH in tubes 5 and 6 the absorbance decreased for both to 0. 003 and 0. 1. The optimum pH is around 7 and with this the reaction rate is at its best. As say before any change in pH away from the optimum will decrease the rate of reaction.HCl has a lower pH than 7 and is below optimum, which means that it will have more unstable charges and the absorbance will lower, which is what was seen in tube 5. The same happens for NaOH, which is on the other side of the pH spectrum and above the optimum pH of 7 as seen in tube 6. From this it can be concluded that any change in pH away from the optimum will convey an unbalance in charges and pillowcase the reaction rate to decrease (Worthington Biochemical Corporation. 1972). The second part of part II involves the effects of temperature.When looking at tube 3 that was placed in the ice bucket the reaction rate decreased from tube 2 with mean absorbance of 0. 54 to a mean of 0. 32. A decrease in temperature will slow down the act ivity of the substrate and enzymes and will reduce the speed and amount of collisions occurring. With less collisions occurring the reaction rate will then decrease. Tube 4 was placed in heat and the absorbance dropped as well to a mean of 0. 38. Stated before it was said that an increase in temperature would cause the speed and number of collisions to increase. This would then increase the rate of the reaction.However, an increase in heat will only increase the rate of reaction until a certain temperature is reached. This temperature is approximately between 40-50OC. Tube 4 was placed in temperatures ranging from 80-90OC, which is much higher than the max of 40-50. When this max is surpassed the hydrogen bonds will begin to break and the enzymes will unfold. When the enzyme unfolds the active site will then be destroyed and become deformed and no longer usable. When this happens the enzymes stop functioning and the reaction rate will decrease, which is what was seen (Worthington Bi ochemical Corporation. 972). The brio cell is a site for activity known as metabolism. This can include the build-up or repair of tissues, turning food into energy, getting disengage of waste products, and all the activities of life. Many of these processes do not occur spontaneously and this is why enzymes are needed. Without enzymes life itself would not be possible (Cooper. 2000). It can be concluded that concentration, pH, and temperature have great effects on enzyme activity. The increase in concentration of substrates increases the reaction rate until the point where all enzymes are being used.The increases in enzyme concentration will increase the rate of reaction. Any change in pH away from the optimum will cause an unbalance in charges and will lower the reaction rate (Worthington Biochemical Corporation. 1972). Finally the increase in temperature will increase the reaction rate until around 40-50OC when hydrogen bonds begin to break (Russel et al,. 2010). By understandin g more about enzyme catalysts advances in medicine and life sciences are able to occur and help us understand more about life itself. References Russell, P. J. , S. L. Wolfe, P.E. Hertz, C. Starr, M. B. Fenton, H. Addy, D. Maxwell, T. Haffie, and K. Davey. 2010. Biology Exploring the Diversity of life, first Canadian edition. Nelson Education Ltd. , Toronto. Biology Department. 2011. Introductory Biology BIOL 1003 Lab Manual. Carleton University Press, Ottawa. Worthington Biochemical Corporation. 1972. Introduction to Enzymes. http//www. worthington-biochem. com/introbiochem/effectspH. html. November 22, 2011. Geoffrey M Cooper. 2000. The Cell A molecular(a) Approach, Second Edition. Sinauer Associates Inc, Boston University.

Pttls Level 3 Assessment 4

HABC train 3 PTLLS sagacity 4 By Andrew Townsend 28 December 2011 HABC affect 3 PTLLS Assessment 4 Townsend 1 Explain the ternion briny types of sagacitys enforced and fully explain how you conduct, or could conduct, an initial assessment of savants. The triplet main types of assessment be Initial, Formative and Summative Assessments. Each get to of assessment is equ e very(prenominal)(prenominal)y important some(prenominal)ly serving a differing aspiration and each lock in differing ways.The Initial assessment is the means in which to gather in straination about the learners and to not only assess their skill to complete the course that they are taking pause in, precisely to change the instructor to plan the structure of the sessions contendd. It excessively assists the Teacher to decide the measure and pitch of the sessions as hygienic as the choice of resources to use to exonerate the best out of the Learner. The manner most commonly used is the Pre-cou rse exercise Form / Questionnaire. This changes the teacher to assess the learners regular of create verb altogethery English and chthonianstanding.It also changes them to asses previous academic experience, in terms of qualifications already attained and pass on also tell the teacher when the learner was cobblers last in an educational environment. The Application form / Questionnaire rear also be backed up by a telephone call. This would en fitting the teacher to assess the learners spoken communication skills. The information compile during the initial assessment should allow the learner to Be placed on an appropriate pre-vocational or vocational learnedness programme which matches their skills, knowledge and abilities. bunk towards a level of qualification which is appropriate to their level of skills, knowledge and ability. Be placed in work in an appropriate occupational area, where this is relevant to the learning programme. Have all their learning and support need s identified, to enable a comprehensive individual learning plan to be designed. (Department for precept and Employment Good Practice Series Initial Assessment of breeding and Support Needs and Planning accomplishment to Meet Needs whitethorn 2001 p10). The formative assessment is a continuous method of assessment that is conducted passim the course of tuition. (Morley and Wordsworth. PTLLS make easier. Nov 2010 p92). As a session progresses, the teacher moldiness be able to assess that the learners have understood what they have been taught at each stage. Without continual assessment there is no way of sound judgment whether the learners are able to move on to the next stage. The assessments can be conducted using various means such as oral head word and answers, multiple choice questions or grouping tasks or exercises. The assessments used will enable the teacher to make an informed decision whether or not to carry on, or to re-teach and confirm as necessary.Often the si ze of the group will govern the methods that the teacher adopts to carry out formative assessment. The use of question and answers often takes time, particularly if asking each and every learner either one or two questions. In this situation it would be easier and more productive to introduce multi-choice questioning in the form of a game. For example issue each learner with a set of tease labelled A, B C and D. When a question is asked each school-age child can HABC LEVEL 3 PTLLS Assessment 4 Townsend 2 thusly respond accordingly with what they consider to be the correct answer.This enables the teacher to ascertain all students at the same time, as well as organism able to correct, if necessary the learners that have given the wrong answer. In the applicative scenario formative assessment enables the learner to practice what they have learned without the ram of a formal examination and if errors are made, then they can be rectified during the session. If several of the learne rs are making the same error, it enables the teacher to re-teach as enquired. A summative assessment is a final confirmation assessment that is conducted at the end of the session or course.This type of assessment assesses all aspects of the teaching and normally, for a theory session, takes the form of a written examination. (Morley and Wordsworth. PTLLS made easier. Nov 2010 p93). This enables the teacher to ask questions about the entire course in a logical order and being a written examination, once it is marked, it can be graded then filed and stored as a record of the learners progression. When used sideline a practical session the formative assessment would take the form of the learner carrying out the newly taught skill from beginning to end, under examination conditions without interference from the teacher.I would use a pre-course application form in order to conduct an initial assessment of learners. A well thought out and written application form would enable me to g ull vital information about the learner and plan the course of involve to best utilise their potential. The application form would enable me to collect the following vital information about the learner Career preferences and suitability. Qualifications and achievements. Aptitude and potential. front learning and experience. Basic skill needs. Key skill needs. teaching difficulties. Interests. Learning style. Job role. Personal effectiveness. Personal circumstances which may affect learning. (Department for didactics and Employment Good Practice Series Initial Assessment of Learning and Support Needs and Planning Learning to Meet Needs may 2001 p39). Explain how you utilise assessment methods. Prior to any course of theme I would send out a pre-course application form to all learners in order to gain as much information as possible to enable me to plan the course of study accordingly.The responses received would enable me to ensure that the learning was set at the right level fo r each learner to gain as much as possible from the learning and enable them to reach their individual learning goals. HABC LEVEL 3 PTLLS Assessment 4 Townsend 3 As the training progressed I would utilise formative assessment throughout the learning process. E. g. Having taught a practical element of the course, such as CPR, it is very important to make sure that the learner is able to carry out the procedures correctly. It enables me as the teacher to see whether the teaching method used is working or whether changes may be required.I would also employ formative assessment in the form of Questions and Answers or mayhap even games to not only help me assess the effectiveness of the teaching, but to help me as the teacher to further embed learners functional skills. E. g. In First Aid there are several basic formulae/ratios that require to be learnt to enable the learner to carry out life frugality procedures, such as 302 (the number of compressions to rescue breaths required to suc cessfully carry out CPR. These various formulae also lend themselves very well to the use of multiple-choice questions.At the conclusion of a three day First Aid at work course a formal summative assessment is compulsory in the form of multiple-choice examination papers and practical examinations. This allows the learner to prove that they have reached the standard required, which in turn enables them to be certificated as qualified in First Aid. Summative assessment also enables the teacher/training shaping to keep records of the learners achievements for further reference, particularly if the learner wishes to progress further. Explain the grandeur and the fatality of keeping records, including those relating to assessment.Record keeping forms a crucial part of teaching the majority of records that would be kept are summative assessments. These are often paper examinations, or audio/ video recordings. Other forms of records that are required to be kept are teaching logs, applic ation forms and financing documentation. Records can either be paper-based or data-based both forms require an adequate storage facility that is secure and monitored. in that location are several reasons why records need to be kept, such as a requirement from a college, OFQUAL or an awarding organisation, such as HSE.Records show standardisation, collision of criteria and form a vital part of the audit chain. OFQUAL, colleges and awarding organisations employ quality assurance officers to check training providers records. There is normally a stipulation that they are kept for three years. The opposite benefit of record keeping is that you have something to reference should a one-time(prenominal) learner enquire about a previous course of tuition. They may have lost their certificate and require a duplicate feign for their records. (Morley and Wordsworth. PTLLS made easier. Nov 2010 p97).

Letter to Jane Austen

serious Miss AustenI pick up recently had the pleasure of reading your juvenile falsehood Pride and Prejudice, and am moved to make a around comments, which I feel to be of moment.I would prototypal like to hook you on a remark adequate to(p) literary accomplishment, which I feel provide destinationure the test of condemnation. I can assure you that the novel is creation read and discussed in the learned and genteel society of London with some(prenominal) interest. It is my opinion that it provide continue to be read with as much avidity at the turn of the millennium, such is its lasting appeal. Why I feel so positive just about your works I will try to explain as follows.I greatly enjoyed the dialogue that you c wholly in your novels. Such dialogue is a whiff of fresh advertise to the English novel. It is short, crisp and vibrant, such as the readership of the English novel ease up never experienced before. It delineates character accurately, and however at the s ame time carries the spot forward at a vibrant pace. It is never dull, for it is forever laced with irony, sarcasm and humor. The characters are drawn with a impalpable pen, and yet always seem to have a strong and distinct presence. in some manner you make it seem as if the ordinary day-to-day brio in a country parish is as exciting as the tales brought back by travelers of the wild seas. How this is so, it is hard to analyze.On this point, I assure you, I have entered into heated discussions with some companions of mine. It is a b superstar of contention as to what school of thought you represent. As you know, this is the age of new ideas. The revolution that has taken place in Paris and on the continent testifies that we are indeed entering a brave new world, one that see to its freedom for all. The french writers and philosophers revive the virtues of the absolute world, and in doing so they represent the ism of order and reason.On the some early(a) hand the poets of Germany, mistrusting reason, and rejecting its excesses, are glorifying passion instead. Goethe and Schiller are great writers who compose novels and plays in which inner man is furthermost more important than intellectual outer(a) self. They are classified as the Romanticists, and our own Isles boast the likes of Wordsworth, Southey and Coleridge, who are physical composition in this vein. Both these philosophies are worthy of respect, for they both promise freedom. The French philosophers of the Enlightenment promise freedom from the age old clutches of superstition. The Romanticists promise a world in which our passions have fulfillment. and so far we are not able to agree on your specific school of thought.I feel that in Sense and Sensibility you have brought these two philosophies to a head. Of the two Dashwood sisters that it may concern, Elinor Dashwood you make the preserve of sense, therefore of the classical virtues of order, dominance and reason. She proceeds with c aution, and does not let herself be known easily. On the other hand her younger sister Marianne Dashwood is clearly the protagonist of sensibility, impulsive and careless. However, the termination of both sisters is happy, for they are matched in the end. Both sisters suffer tribulations, of different sorts, by the novel.On the whole, we cannot judge that one path is better than the other, solely on the evidence given to us. Yet the meat that I am able to read from the novel is that the middle road is the best. Those who judge Elinor and Marianne by categories of philosophy fail to take into account their development throughout the novel. In the end it is Elinors feeling, which overcomes her restraint, that helps her in her choice. On the other hand Mariannes experiences read her restraint, without which her match would have eluded her.The same kind of truth is inherent, I feel, in the opening to your novel Pride and Prejudice, which reads It is a truth universally acknowledged , that a single man in possession of a good good deal must be in want of a wife (Austen 1). Whether it is your objective or not, such an opening speaks to me of a precious truth, and this is that universal truth can only be found in the mundane world. beyond all the elevated ideas of Classicism and Romanticism there is the simple head of life, of finding a suitable partner, of homemaking and the raising of children, so that the wheel of life may turn in its eternal way. In all your novels the expiration importance in put on the function of finding ones ideal match.Many might construe your novels to be about scheming women, cynically extracting the greatest advantage from marriage. I, however, see it in a different light. In my opinion, your novels are celebrating mundane life. This is why they seem so fresh and exhilarating. The men of ideas have over-emphasized thinking. Yes, even Romanticism is a philosophy in the end. Because we live in an age of ideas, thinking tends to surf eit all fields, even such a popular art as novel writing. Authentic life is forgotten in the process. Put in another(prenominal) way, the world has become too over-burdened with the male aspect. The womans perspective is needed to bring the balance back. This is what you provide, and it indeed meets the call of the age.Many would match your novels to those of the great epistolary novelist Samuel Richardson. Like yours, his heroines are concerned with finding matches to a higher place their station. But the similarities do not proceed much further than this. Pamela is a one dimensional morality tale. The full title bears this out better, for it bears the subtle Virtue Rewarded. In it the heroine Pamela is shown to resist all the evil advances of her master, Mr. B., which includes rape, imprisonment, and torture.The reward for defend her virtue, in the end, is that her master consents to marry her, vowing to be a reformed man. The plot is crude, cynical and unrealistic. It is open to satire, and all know how Henry Fielding satirizes Pamela twice, first in Shamela, then in Joseph Andrews. But it is not so patrician to satirize Elizabeth Bennett, or Elinor Dashwood. This is because such characters are drawn with subtle nuances, and frankincense are far closer to life. Many of your female protagonists are aiming to fasten social status, prestige and privilege through marriage, just as is Pamela.But those who harbor only cynical motives are shown come to bad passes. The message we read from your novels is that such social aspirations are only normal. But the suitableness of match is equally important. And indeed the affections of the courting couple must not be ignored. This is so because marriage is a defining moment of life. On the whole, we learn that marriage and family life are of overriding importance.These are some of my thoughts on reading your novels Sense and Sensibility and Pride and Prejudice.Yours truly,Admirer industrial plant CitedAusten, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. London Pan Books, 1978.