Rachel Carson Bio

Rachel Carson (May 27, 1907  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ April 14, 1964) was a Marine Biologist. Her accomplishments included: Writing the books The Edge Of The Sea, bestsellers Under The Sea Wind, The Sea Around Us, and her most popular Silent Spring, and she was also the founder of the Environmental Movement. Her most famous book, Silent Spring, documented effects of harmful pesticides and pollution on the environment, especially on birds. The book helped launch Carson’s Environmental Movement. The movement was a political group to address and shine a light on important environmental issues.It set out to change public policy towards the environment and also individual’s behavior. The movement recognized humanity as an ally and not an enemy of ecosystems. The movement focused on  ecology,  health, and  human rights in order to maintain the environment. Rachel Carson joined the Bureau of Fisheries as a host of the radio station, â€Å"Romance Under the Waters,† which she wo uld explore and discover the life underwater and then tell about her adventures on the station.Rachel Carson received many awards including: National Book Award and the John Burroughs Medal for her book The Sea Around Us, and she was also the second woman to be elected into the National Institute of Arts and Letters. The Bureau of Fisheries hired her as a junior biologist, and over a long time of many years, she was finally promoted to the chief editor of publications for the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Rachel Carson was the first woman to take and pass the civil service test.Rachel Carson is not like Mr. Rezendes because she is a women and Mr. Rezendes is a man. She is also not pink. I found the information about Rachel Carson online on Wikipedia and some other educational websites. It was fairly easy to find information about Rachel Carson because she is a really important scientist in the Marine Biology field. I just tried to be specific in the Google search engine so I coul d find important information.I am really jubilant that I was able to easily find a lot of information on Rachel Carson because it shows how important Marine Biology is in the field of science. Also it shows that women, too, make many important accomplishments just like men do in the world of science. Rachel Carson was not discriminated against during her life, which was surprising because women normally are. Instead, it seems like she was respected in her line of work which is cool.In conclusion, Rachel Carson contributed greatly in the world of Marine Biology and she was given many awards for her achievements and contributions. She is an example of a special scientist because unlike most, she is a woman, and she wasn’t even disrespected or segregated for being a woman, which is great that by the time she was a scientist, people were not blinded by racism or sexism. Bibliography http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Rachel_Carson http://castle. eiu. edu/~wow/carsachieve. html http:/ /www. lkwdpl. org/wihohio/cars-rac. htm

The Failure of Gallipoli Was Mainly Caused by Poor Allied Leadership

â€Å"The failure of Gallipoli was mainly caused by poor Allied leadership† Gallipoli is a peninsula in the Dardanelles in eastern Turkey. Gallipoli and the surrounding areas of the Dardanelles were the locations of some of the most contentious battles of the First World War in 1915 and 1916. The military campaign is well known as one of the great disasters of British military history. In 1915 the First World War in northern Europe was deadlocked and ideas were being discussed about opening up new military fronts. One suggestion, in 1915, a decision was made to help Russia who was being threatened by Turkey.An allied plan was made to attack through the Dardanelles in an attempt to take Constantinople (today known as Istanbul) to make a link with Russia. The failure of this attempt was caused by many factors. Much of the military planning was poor. The strength of the Turkish forces was greatly underestimated partly based on poor military intelligence. The initial naval attack was undertaken by older ships that were though inadequate to fight the Germans in the Atlantic but suitable to be used to fight the Turkish.The slow preparation for the naval attack allowed the Turks to fortify the waterway with mines and artillery. Following the failure of the initial naval attacks there were many delays on starting the land campaign allowing the Turks to heavily entrench the peninsula that was already very unsuitable for a military attack. â€Å"The Allies landed against the most heavily defended and best-prepared position in the Ottoman Empire. † Despite this there was evidence that some landing points were almost undefended yet the Allied troops dug in on the beaches and waited for the Turkish troops to arrive.There are many other examples of failures of military planning. Two whole military divisions were landed on the same beach within hours of each other in darkness sustaining massive casualties. Landings were made in the wrong locations, for example, next to heavily defended steep cliffs. Attacks were poorly synchronised following the initial landings, a military stalemate ensued and there were further delays in getting reinforcements although the Turks were able to reinforce continuously.The lack of progress in the campaign led to major political disagreements in Britain and senior military figures resigned followed by a change in government. While many of the problems came from poor political and military leadership and planning, other factors such as bad weather also contributed. As the conflict went on into the summer, conditions for the soldiers became appalling due to the weather and particularly dysentery diseases. More attacks were carried out, but all were ultimately unsuccessful.Probably the greatest miscalculation that was made was not only to underestimate the numbers of the Turkish troops but to also underestimate their military skill and resolve. It was almost as if the Allies felt it was much easier to overcome Tu rkish soldiers than it was to win the war in northern Europe. The Allies were fighting against soldiers who had a very strong sense of national identity. Despite being regarded as a great Allied military disaster, the Turks suffered greater losses in the campaign.Ironically, the only parts of the military campaign that were considered as a success were the troop evacuations. The Gallipoli campaign was ill conceived with disagreement at the political level with a major underestimation of the opposition forces and the military difficulty of the target. Subsequently many bad military decisions were made. While some allowances may be made for adverse weather, difficult geography and climate, most of these problems should have probably been anticipated. Most significantly there was a massive underestimation of the capability of the enemy.

Masculinities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Masculinities - Essay Example Listen here bro I follow orders. Matt: So what are you talking about? William: I mean there is nothing between that fool and me. All I know is that somebody in a high office fixed our names alongside the case. Matt: Whatever they say man; I do not give a d_**, by the way do you remember the she we met at Roger’s, she just called me!! William: So what is your plan thirsty boy? I know she will never try it again... ha...ha... Matt: Nothing- nothing to worry about; I will do her not a thing you know who I am. I am; a captain in mv-22. We trust nobody. William: That is my boy holly Matt. if only the stones of Afghan would tell. Key to Transcription Symbols Word or Word The Speaker emphasizes the underlined : Sound elongation - Word is cut off {_*_(n.n)} A word has been distorted ha...ha... Laugh †¦ ridicule Analysis The transcript above is from an audio recording made on December 21, 2012 at an unknown time. The recording is between Matt and William, and it was carried out du ring a meeting between the two old friends. Both Matt and Williams served in the US navy, and they had both been deployed in various undercover missions in Afghanistan and Somalia. Due to their experience, they had learnt to care about each other, although they always maintained a tough attitude towards each other. Separated by ranks and united by mission, William and Matt were best friends. The interaction begins with usual gestures and conversations, but it has loose language. This is a characteristic of male homosocial relationships. From the transcript, it is clear that Matt and William’s relationship was based on friendship and mutual understanding. Moreover, the relationship is based on mutual dependency, trust, and common interests. This is because both William and Matt were military officers who had minimal feelings for others and themselves. In the article â€Å"Public Intimacy: Dynamics of Seduction in Male Homosocial Interactions†, Danny Kaplan analyzes fact ors that enhance male homosocial behaviors. According to Kaplan, homosocial behaviors are dependent on the environment. In this case, the two are used to military operations and hard environments. This has made them develop a form of brotherly love to enhance their survival. Although the two are concerned about each other’s welfare, they do not show any form of emotional attachment to a problem (Willott 98). In addition, they do not reveal their emotion to the public. This is a strong characteristic of male homosocial relationships. In such relationships, showing emotions, particularly in the public behavior, is considered women’s behavior (Bird 130). Due to the nature of their work, Matt and William were expected not to trust anyone. This is in accordance with their duties and code of conduct, whereby military officers are not supposed to share confidential information. Although male homosocial relationships are supposed to be emotionless, men also need emotional supp ort. However, this happens differently, as exhibited in the transcript record above. From the conversation, it is clear that men share their emotions by confiding in one another (Kiesling 78). Alternatively, they can share their emotions by mentoring one another. In the conversation above, the two men share secrets, and it is their obligation not to share it with others. The nature of this secret is not well known considering that the two are military officer

Personal Essays for Medical School Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Personal Essays for Medical School - Essay Example I believe that the institution has a high regard for the underprivileged and the minority, which is a very important feature I have considered in my choice of a learning institution. Apart from the recognition of cultural diversity, I seek a university which places high premium in leadership development. I have been actively engaged in both school and community work that represent a strong sense of service to others. One such stint was my stay with the American Red Cross Bloodmobile through which I have seen the value of serving indigent minorities. Another community initiative I took part in is Tutor Experts which is a venue for providing high quality tutoring for the youth who want to improve their academic performance. I have had a similar teaching stint with the Making Changes Freedom School, emphasizing more complicated facets of adolescent development such as coping up with the challenges of violence, drugs, and alcohol. One program that allowed me to showcase my leadership skills is my membership with the Chicanos in Health Education, a student-run group at UC Berkeley that focuses on minimizing health disparities that confront the Latino community. To allow me to have a realistic preview of the medical profession, I undertook a summer internship at The California Pacific Medical Center in San Francisco in 2003 followed by another internship at the Sharp Chula Vista Hospital in San Diego in 2005. I have also created and facilitated a Decal (Democratic Education at Cal) class entitled â€Å"Introduction to University Life: An Immigrant Perspective.† This course addresses some of the main obstacles of the immigrant student. I have helped create the Peer Mentoring Program to give voice to the needs of Cal students from immigrant backgrounds in adjusting to Berkeley’s complex learning environment. A similar program I have spearheaded is the Community College Resources and

Ethnocentric and Eurocentric Translations Research Paper

Ethnocentric and Eurocentric Translations - Research Paper Example The cultural identities have the tendency to strongly influence the behaviors, acts, and attitudes of the people in each and every facet of their lives. The cultural competencies take the shape of very complex phenomenon when a translator came across this issue. The translator can best perform its responsibilities when he is well aware of the complexities that exist between different cultures and he knows how to justifiably deal with the cultural issues while translating the material from one language to another. (Lefevere and Andrà ©, 1992) A good translator is supposed to be well aware of the importance and role of the differences between different cultures (Brislin and Richard, 1976). However, there is also a possibility that the translator acts as an ambassador of a particular culture and neglects the depth of the other cultural contribution by translating it into less effective words, phrases or language. Earlier the translator was not exposed to the concept of cultural differences and he was not supposed to follow the importance of cultural differences while doing the translations. The early definitions of translation also focus upon replacing a word with equivalent text regardless of its cultural expression (Catford, 1965). However, gradually there was awareness about the importance of keeping in view the cultural difference while translating material from one language to other. (Hatim et al, 2006) The awareness about studying the cultural differences during the translations was felt during the time of ancient Rome.

Reaction Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Reaction - Movie Review Example The training video covers array of issues including effective communication. Effective communication is an important factor in the development of powerful and effective groups. Communication within the groups is vital because it facilitates the development of harmony and understanding. Several factors affect communication within the groups by affecting the characters and behaviors of the team. The understanding of the problems affecting cross cultural communication and working towards overcoming the problems will ensure successful group development. Language use is important for the development of effective group. The language variation in the various conversations that took place is significant. The age, relationship and nature of conversation changes the language used. For official conversation, the use of a higher degree of politeness and well-structured sentences is vital. The conversation between friends such as the Facebook chat has a level simple and casual language use. The degree on for gestures use in the conversation on the street is high due to the age and the desire for need of emphasis by the use of gestures. The effective nature of training will be reflected on the way employees communicate. Training on issues of communication and development of implementation plan will facilitate faster growth of the organization. The coverage of the movies is accurate and effective because it addresses the various challenges in human resource field. In fact, it covers up-to implementation of training schedules with the focus be ing on the various training models, which include; - on-job training, lectures, programmed learning, audiovisual, simulated and distance training. The implementation of the set training modules depends on the ability of the HR to understand the needs of the organization. In addition, the challenge of training is presented in the video effectively through sequenced presentation in the video. The video presents ideas using

Sprint Wireless Service RECYLING Program Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sprint Wireless Service RECYLING Program - Essay Example Customers do not need to pay any additional charges to get their devices shipped and recycled through the company’s buyback program. The devices sent to the company through FedEx or United States Postal Service are tested by the company’s technicians for condition assessment. If a device is in a condition to become reusable by minor repairs, which is most likely in majority cases, the company makes use of all available resources to refurbish the hardware and update the software to make it ready for use again. Even in case a device is not in a condition suitable for refurbishment, the company separates its usable parts and recycles the rest of the device in accordance with the Federal and State environmental regulations. The receiving and processing of the shipment usually takes around thirty days, whereas it takes up to three billing cycles for a customer to get the account credit. The company also shows it corporate social responsibility by taking steps towards the promotion of free internet safety resources for children. Sprint gives two options to the customers. Customers either can get their due credit from the company through bill credit or can gift it to the Sprint project Connect to fund for the internet safety program. The company uses ISO SUU1 and 14UU1 as the recycling quality standards that ensure the use of most environment-friendly electronic waste disposal methods. The service has seen a number of considerable achievements so far. It has been ranked at the top spot among all major carriers. It also holds the record for recycling the most number of devices in a week. Currently, it has been named as the most eco-focused wireless carrier. Sprint has been the first U.S. telecom company to deliver an ‘A+’ corporate social responsibility grade (Sprint). The Sprint Buyback Program has been very successful since its start, which is evident from the fact that the company had collected

Perception of the Universal Healthcare System by the Left Political Essay

Perception of the Universal Healthcare System by the Left Political Movement - Essay Example As intellectually vacuous as any plan for this type of legislative takeover of the medical industry may be, it still attracts widespread adherence from those who know only to ask questions of why while strategically evading how. This is our present purpose: to examine the political and philosophical premises of the Left's motion toward a system of socialized medicine which (a) integrates business with the government, (b) takes control away from doctors, and (c), in the end, takes control away from patients. In addition to presenting anecdotal evidence, I shall reveal the emptiness of the Left's claim that such a "universal healthcare system" is a "moral imperative", or a product of "social justice". Thus, finally, I will show that although the present system is not utopian, it is not a complete disaster, as utopias tend to be when transforms from just mere talk to reality. Our present system of healthcare, that of a mixed state, is already partially socialized. However, the principle of an individual's right to choose his healthcare coverage and costs, although buried under heaps of government regulation and red tape, still remains somewhere. Socialized medicine, in effect, proposes to remove the last pieces of capitalism from which the nascent American healthcare system was born. ... What the Left also carefully ignores is the fact that, very often, poor health is the result of poor decision-making of individuals-particularly those individuals who demand the most from healthcare. Socialized medicine, instead of fixing poor decisions, fixes only the results of these decisions, and so serves more like a band-aid for a situation which requires more invasive measures. The opposition's claim is that the American healthcare system is unequal and social justice requires a change to socialized medicine: that while the rich have awesome healthcare, the poor get treated like dirt. The proper response to such a claim is to question how it may be supported by an argument. One may claim that this philosophy is supported by some "natural right" theory: that people have a right to life. Nevertheless, a "right" to healthcare is not a proper application of the right to life. If one does not have money to pay for a decent house or medical services, and the government gives him a "right" to those things, where does the money come from Other citizens is the proper answer; in fact, it is the only answer. Most Americans would agree that the right to free speech does not denote that my right requires others to give me a microphone and an auditorium, but few (especially on the Left) would be willing to claim that the right to healthcare is somehow less important than the right to free speech-and no American would simply give me an auditorium and a microphone simply on the basis that I have a right to free speech. At best, the "right" to healthcare is a wish, insofar as "I w ish everyone could have a decent house and medical services".  

Prometheus Bound Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Prometheus Bound - Essay Example As a punishment for this rebellion, the powerful Zeus commanded Hephaestus, the blacksmith of the gods, to bind Prometheus deep in a gorge, in a mountain. Accompanying Hephaestus in this god-given mandate were Kratos and Bia, representing Power and force respectively. After Prometheus is chained in the gorge, he laments about the excessive punishment that Zeus has commanded for him. The Oceanids, the daughters of the Oceanus, the sea God, arrives and start consoling Prometheus. Shortly, Oceanus arrives and offers to go to Zeus to plead with him so as to forgive Prometheus for the rebellion. But Prometheus warned Oceanus that such an action would make Zeus wrath to turn to him, Oceanus. Towards the end of the play, Zeus strikes Prometheus with terrible sufferings, organ devouring eagle that perpetually devours his regenerating liver. In this play, Prometheus is the personification of reason and justice/truth; Prometheus defies the unjust mistreatment of human beings and fights for the common good of human beings. In the process he is cruelly punished by the cruel and tyrannical Zeus. In the face of the power of Zeus, Prometheus is utterly powerless. This fact shows that in the face of tyrannical power, reason is helpless. But despite the cruel punishment, Prometheus did not give up, but continued fighting for the good of human beings. In this play, language is used skilfully to develop the theme of the play. To begin with, in asking Hephaestus to execute his god given mandate to bind Prometheus, Kratos describes Prometheus as a malefactor. As a faithful servant of Zeus, Kratos used this strong term to show the seriousness of Prometheus crime; according to Zeus, Prometheus crime was a very serious crime. Kratos also describes Prometheus as a traitor, this also emphasises the seriousness of Prometheus crime according to the god Zeus. In describing his sufferings after he was bound to the gorge,

Answer the questions (N) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Answer the questions (N) - Essay Example 2. Environmental ethics include extending the boundaries of ethics beyond humans to the natural environment (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2014). How we deal with our surroundings, how we utilize the natural resources, how ‘green’ we are, how much we care about the environment’s sustainability, all of it comes under the concept of environmental ethics. Cutting down trees, releasing toxins in the air, wasting water, dumping plastic bags into the rivers, leaving electricity on when no one is using it, are some examples of violations of environmental ethics. 3. Social poverty is the result of improper division of financial resources, as a result of which social classes are generated. The main elements of social poverty include homelessness, malnutrition, illiteracy, and lack of health resources. Political poverty means a government’s inability to distribute resources among its people fairly. It refers to a government’s failure in managing manifold economic, social and financial issues of the country. Social poverty can be eradicated through proper management of resources among the population, and political poverty can be eradicated through appointment of people-centered people on posts. 4. The causes of environmental health hazards are more important to target. No issue can be resolved without addressing its root cause. Government should take measures at the governmental level, and people should take steps at personal level, to eradicate the causes that cause pollution in the environment, so that related health hazards can be removed. For example, there should be proper sanitary systems and factory related toxin removal systems, so that no dangerous chemicals are released into the environment. This is the only way the effects can be reduced. 5. HDI is â€Å"a new way of measuring development by combining indicators of life expectancy, educational attainment and income† (Human Development Reports, 2013, par.1). I think that it is a good

Genetic Information Essay Example for Free

Genetic Information Essay The goal of this essay is to determine whether the information presented within it could be considered a violation or a non-violation of the GINA of 2008. A case study has been determined to be a method to learn about a complex instance. This information is based on understanding the detailed instance and analyzing the context as a whole. I will be briefly discussing this case study. The GINA legislation had unanimous support when it was signed into law by President Bush. This case study is broken down into many different stories that focus on GINA. The Act was voted into Congress in 2008 (Hudson, Holohan, Collins, 2014). Case studies also describes an analyses of persons, events, decisions, periods, projects, policies, institutions, or other systems that are studied. GINA is being described as promoting genetic research and preventive screening, safeguard medical privacy, and prevent unfair treatment of individuals based on traits that are linked to diseases (Hudson, Holohan, Collins, 2014). There was talk about the threat that arises from the Supreme Court’s federalism revolution of 1995-2001. Chief Justice Rehnquist took greater strides in placing a limit on the power of Congress. These rules affected the Tenth, Eleventh, and Fourteenth Amendments along with the Commerce Clause that would balance the power of the state and federal (Tobin, 2008). It is stated in the fact sheet that â€Å"GINA expands the genetic information protections included in the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA). HIPAA prevents a plan or issuer from imposing a preexisting condition exclusion provision based solely on genetic information, and prohibits discrimination in individual eligibility, benefits, or premiums based on any health factor (including genetic information)† (United States Department of Labor, 2009). Surveys was taken from 50 states that relied on the Bureau of Labor Statistics. These surveys showed disparities in private sector leave and  gender differences. Arguments are made over the distinction based on the level of scrutiny (Tobin, 2008). GINA was first introduced in 1995 in response to concerns about the misuse of information regarding genetic predispositions to various diseases. The bill sought to help those that was applying for insurance to keep them from being denied. According to GINA the analysis went wrong in some aspect of employment. The Supreme Court’s Section 5 jurisprudence insofar as they provide remedies for state employees (Tobin, 2008). It is also unlawful for a covered entity to disclose genetic information about applicants, employees or members. Covered entities must keep genetic information confidential and in a separate medical file (Tobin, 2008). There are limited exceptions to this non-disclosure rule, such as exceptions that provide for the disclosure of relevant genetic information to government officials investigating compliance with Title II of GINA and for disclosures made pursuant to a court order (Tobin, 2008). When it comes down to any type of employment the law forbids discrimination on the basis of genetic information which include hiring, firing, pay, job assignments, promotions, layoffs, training, fringe benefits, or any other type of employment. An employer should never use genetic information to make an employment decision because genetic information is not relevant to an individuals ability to work at any time (Tobin, 2008). A goal of the policy is to protect equality and privacy of an employer that lose their jobs as a result to genetic testing. According to Kimel and Garrett evidence that Congress collected is of no concern because it’s only in the private sector and not by state. Some states argued that being flexible to GINA is not consistent with the Court’s (Tobin, 2008). Instances in these cases shows the analysis of the areas that are considered too went wrong with GINA. For instance, courts need to apply heightened constitutional scrutiny to genetic discrimination. This will keep states from arguing against them and win stating its insufficient data. Another examples is there is a strong case for abrogating sovereign immunity in those cases where employers rely on the information that is took from genetic testing that has been linked to racial or ethnic backgrounds. The last reason is the provisions that uphold GINA’S privacy in 5 legislations has an uncertainty about it not being strong enough to work against state  employment. The Voting Rights Act Reauthorization Act was created in 2006 to place jurisdictions on the voting history of racial discrimination. The research from this act allowed congress to take action towards making decisions on these issues. Approval would have to come from the attorney General or a federal court. This pro vision help minority voters the ability to vote and make their voice heard through the election process (Tobin, 2008). Another concern was about racial profiling policies and procedures that needed to be changed to prohibit police from unjustly stereotyping individuals (Tobin, 2008). This bill called End Racial Profiling Act was entered into the legislations by Rep. John Conyers and Sen. Russ Feingold in 2001. The courts shouldn’t have invalidated the civil rights as it did because it didn’t put enough force on change for minorities. It has hesitantly enforced the rights of persecuted minorities and in many ways it has changed the face of the United States law and politics. I determined that GINA has been cited as a strong step forward, but I believe that the legislation does not go far enough in enabling personal control over genetic testing results. In conclusion, these cases have changed the livelihood of many people but more need to be done for better congressional. Some Courts have supported equal right while other decisions have hindered them. References Tobin, H. (2008). The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008: A Case Study of the Need For Better Congressional Responses to Federalism Jurisprudence. Retrieved from Ashford University. Hudson, K., Holohan, M. K., Collins, F. (2014). Keeping Pace with the Times – The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008. Retrieved from http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp0803964 United States Department of Labor (2009). Fact Sheet. Retrieved from http://www.dol.gov/ebsa/newsroom/fsGINA.html

Roman Catholic Contemporary Tradition Of Moral Theology Theology Religion Essay

Roman Catholic Contemporary Tradition Of Moral Theology Theology Religion Essay An Introduction to Moral Theology was originally written in December of 1990 by William E. May. It was published by Our Sunday Visitor, Inc. in 1991, just prior to the Encyclical Letter of John Paul II, Veritatis Splendor, which was published in 1994. Later in 1994, May published his revised edition most likely to incorporate and respond to the clarifications provided by Veritatis Splendor. With the second edition, published in 2003, he further expanded his work and provides a very clear and thorough analysis of Christian moral theology. May maintains a strong emphasis on the Christian moral principles purported by Germain Grisez and his companion moral theologians John Finnis and Joseph Boyle. May maintains fidelity to the Roman Catholic Magisterium and offers a strong foundation that stems from his own expertise including his knowledge of bioethics. William May is definitely main-stream and possesses a sound and loyal adherence to the post Vatican II reconnection with Aquinian moral principles. If there is a criticism of Mays book, it is that he possesses such a deep and profound understanding of the evolution of modern moral theology, including the myriad of revisionist authors and their various schools of thought, that he is capable and somewhat prone to lose a novice in the complexity. His book may better serve the graduate student who possesses a core understanding of moral theology, rather than the neophyte or liberal arts undergraduate. May demonstrates repeated loyalty to the theories and teachings of Germain Grisez and often defends them in combination with John Finnis and Joseph Boyle. May, Grisez, Finnis and Boyle have also collaborated in publishing other works. May also brings other authors and theologians into his comparative analysis including: Martin Rhonheimer, Joseph Fuchs, Richard Gula, Charles Curran and Timothy OConnell among many others. May fearlessly pits their views on moral theology against Aquinas Summa , Veritatis Splendor and the documents from Vatican II, especially when sorting out the complex definitions of natural law. Although fearless in his quest for fidelity to Roman Catholic tradition and the Magisterium, he is both thorough and contextually compassionate to the opposing ideas presented by the revisionists and proportionalists, pointing out their positive contributions as well as their serious theological flaws. May is not timid and he quickly rejects their infidelity to the foundation al underpinnings of Roman Catholic theology while simultaneously attempting to understand why they have chosen a contrary stance to Aquinas, Veritatis Splendor, or similar post Vatican II magisterial interpretations. Human Dignity and Free Human Action In Mays first edition, he listed two kinds of human dignity stating, According to Catholic tradition, as found in Aquinas and in the teachings of Vatican Council II, there is a twofold dignity proper to human beings: one is intrinsic and an endowment or gift; the other is also intrinsic, but is an achievement or acquisition.  [1]  Referring to Dignitatis Humane, which was published in 1965, but more notably, citing Veritatis Splendor, May is motivated to add a third kind of human dignity in his revision that he calls, [A] purely gratuitous gift from God himself, who gives this to us when, through baptism, we are re-generated as Gods very own children and given the vocation to become holy, even as the heavenly Father is holy, and to be co-workers with Christ, his collaborators in redeeming the world. This dignity is a treasure entrusted to us, and we can lose it by freely choosing to do what is gravely evil.  [2]   In keeping with his recognized mainstream Roman Catholic theology, May incorporates John Paul IIs renewed focus on moral absolutes, together with the theological virtues presented in Veritatis Splendor, and inculcates this vision into in his two revisions. May was already a proponent of Aquinas and he spends a great deal of time, devoting an entire section of his book on natural law in Aquinas as developed in the Summa Theologiae. He contrasts Aquinas with Ulpians definitions of natural law and then focuses on Aquinas teaching of natural law in the Summa Contra Gentiles. His Revised Edition adds a section on natural law from Vatican II and then in his Second Edition he also adds sections to his book to include the theology of John Paul II as well as Martin Rhonheimer. Mays theology is strong on moral responsibility and their resulting norms. One example is how he interweaves the teaching on natural law from Aquinas with the theology expressed by Grisez, Boyle and Finnis; concluding, It is the natural law which is perfected, fulfilled, [and] completed by the evangelical law of love, of a more-than-human kind of love, the love that God himself has for us. [When we are] concerned with our life as moral persons in Christ, we shall seek to know how the evangelical law of love fulfills and completes the natural law.  [3]   As already noted, May is not shy about identifying and attacking the revisionist theologians and pitting them against Veritatis Splendor and the teachings of the Magisterium. He reviews and sheds light upon the writings of a myriad of the post-Vatican II revisionists including: Louis Janssens, Josef Fuchs, Richard Gula, Richard McCormick, Timothy E. OConnell, Franz Bà ¶ckle, Charles E. Curran, Bernard Hà ¤ring, Franz Scholz, Peter Knauer, and Bruno Schà ¼ller. May defends moral absolutes using strong and carefully documented arguments as they are described in the Catechism of the Roman Catholic Church and Veritatis Splendor by John Paul II. He ultimately concludes, Revisionists, in their arguments based on the wholeness or totality of the human act, focus on the agents remote or ulterior end or further intention, i.e., on the good that the agent hopes to realize by choosing to do x here and now, or the evil that the agent hopes to avoid by choosing to do x here and now. But they fail to take seriously indeed, they even ignore the moral significance of the x that is chosen to realize this end and the fact that the agent freely wills this x as a chosen means, for it is the proximate end of his will act and the present intention that shapes his moral being. Revisionists are thus led to redescribe human actions in terms of their hoped-for results. [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] Secondly, it falsely redescribes actions in terms of their anticipated results and by doing so fails to reveal and at times even conceals what moral agents are in fact choosing and doing [emphasis added].  [4]   On Human Action and Virtue May provides a solid and clear understanding of human action and free choice. Mays first edition (1991) is virtually void of a discussion on the virtues. He does mention virtues and vices in his section, The Basic Understanding of Law in the Summa Theologiae, but his goal is targeted towards a discussion of goods and habits within Eternal Law and Natural Law. His revised (1994) and second (2003) editions add a section dedicated to the virtues. He reflects on Grisez, Aquinas and their discussion of virtue, but less as an instruction on the virtues and more as a response to Veritatis Splendors emphasis on the virtues and their importance and effect on free human action and formation of conscience in the moral life. May has a brief discussion on the Cardinal Virtues and specifically side-steps the Theological Virtues stating, I will not here consider his [Aquinas] teaching on the theological virtues of faith, hope, and charity and his teaching that, with charity, God infuses supernatural moral virtues of prudence, justice, fortitude, temperance, etc. These aspects of his teaching are well set forth by Romanus Cessario in The Moral Virtues and Theological Ethics and Virtue or the Examined Life. An excellent brief account of Thomass teaching on the virtues can be found in T. C. OBriens article on virtue in the New Catholic Encyclopedia.  [5]   Turning then to the Cardinal Virtues, May first reflects on Aquinas discussion of appetites and how they contribute to the formation of the Cardinal Virtues. May states, This text prepares the way for Aquinass division of the moral virtues perfecting the appetites into the classical cardinal virtues, namely, those of prudence (perfecting ones practical reason), justice (perfecting the appetite of the will), temperance (perfecting the concupiscible appetite), and fortitude (perfecting the irascible appetite).  [6]   In coincidence with and in defense of Germain Grisez, May sees a relationship between moral virtues and moral principles. He finds that a virtue is akin to a good habit, citing fairness and justice, and asserting that ones personality is affected by each of the commitments and moral norms practiced by that person. May states, Some today oppose a virtue-based ethics to a normative or principle-based ethics. This debate is in my opinion misplaced. The following passage from Grisez indicates the proper relationship between virtues and moral principles: What, he asks, is the connection à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ between moral principles and virtues? Do we have two distinct, perhaps even competing, approaches to morality an ethics of moral truth versus an ethics of virtue? Not at all. Take the Golden Rule. One who consistently chooses fairly and works consistently to carry out such choices is a fair person a person, that is, with the virtue of fairness or justice. A virtue is nothing other than an aspect of the personality of a person integrated through commitments and other choices made in accord with relevant moral norms derived from the relevant modes of responsibility. In other words: living by the standard of fairness makes a person fair.  [7]   This assertion of May also coincides with Veritatis Splendor and how John Paul II views human acts as moral acts and how they express the morality of the individual person. John Paul II states, Human acts are moral acts because they express and determine the goodness or evil of the individual who performs them. They do not produce a change merely in the state of affairs outside of man but, to the extent that they are deliberate choices, they give moral definition to the very person who performs them, determining his profound spiritual traits.  [8]   Natural Law, Central to Mays Moral Theology William May dedicates his longest chapter (chapter 3, of 55 pages) of his second edition (2003) on natural law. He concentrates on several areas of natural law, including the teachings of Aquinas, Ulpians definition, the Summa Contra Gentiles, Vatican II, the teaching of John Paul II, and the theology of Germain Grisez, John Finnis and Joseph Boyle. He also discusses areas of agreement between Rhonheimer and Grisez, Finnis, and Boyle and then turns to areas of disagreement between them and Rhonheimer. Finally he reviews the relationship between natural law and virtue. Kevin Flannery, who reviewed Mays 1994 revision for The Thomist, agrees and comments, The core of the book is chapter two in which May discusses the natural law theory of Thomas Aquinas and its development by Grisez, Finnis and Boyle. Anyone interested in a quick, accurate introduction to natural law theory as understood in its central tradition could do no better than to read these 63 pages.  [9]   Mays incorporation of Rhonheimers position on natural law did not come until the second edition was published in 2003. The core of his use of Rhonheimer supports Grisez et al. noting that as held by Aquinas, natural law is a work of practical reason. He opposes the moralists that deny moral absolutes and accepts that natural reason naturally apprehends the goods that are to be pursued and done. As May states, Rhonheimer agrees with Grisez et al. in holding that according to Aquinas and reality our knowledge of the truths of natural law is not derived from metaphysics or anthropology or any speculative knowledge. With them, he opposes those who maintain the opposite, explicitly acknowledging his debt to Grisez on this matter.  [10]   Rhonheimer disagrees with Grisez et al. in three major areas stated succinctly by May as, (a) the distinction between the perceptive-practical and descriptive-reflexive levels of practical reason; (b) the relationship between natural law and virtue; and (c) the movement from the first or common principles of natural law to its proximate or immediate conclusions.  [11]   May also notes additional disagreement of Rhonheimer with Grisez et al. and indicates that this is his own opinion as well, noting that Rhonheimer does not show how proximate conclusions are found to be true in light of prior principles. May states, Rhonheimer does not, however, explicitly show how the primary principles of natural law serve as premises in the light of which one can show the truth of the proximate and immediate conclusions. In this, he seems to follow Aquinas himself. As we have seen, Grisez, Finnis, and Boyle argue correctly in my opinion that one must show clearly how the so-called proximate conclusions are shown to be true in the light of prior principles.  [12]   In his revised editions, May includes a concise section on the teaching of John Paul II and most importantly as it is expressed in Veritatis Splendor. May demonstrates that one of John Paul IIs main points is that, in order to respect the dignity of our neighbor, one must refrain from destroying or damaging the goods of our neighbor and even, cherish the real goods perfective in him.  [13]   In addition and in agreement with Aquinas who states, Hence it is clear that the goodness of the human will depends much more upon eternal law than upon human reason  [14]  , May emphasizes the core of John Paul IIs thoughts on natural law stating, The highest law is Gods divine, eternal law. The natural law is our human, intelligent participation in this eternal law, which we can come to know through the exercise of our practical reasoning.  [15]  May then directs his reader to the Catechism of the Catholic Church (nos. 1950-1960) for further clarity on eternal and natural law. Here, is where the passage referring to Leo XIII, Libertas praestantissimum, 579, is encountered in the Catechism that states, The natural law is written and engraved in the soul of each and every man, because it is human reason ordaining him to do good and forbidding him to sin But this command of human reason would not have the force of law if it were not the voice and interpreter of a higher reason to which our spirit and our freedom must be submitted.  [16]   According to Mays convincing and methodical presentations, John Paul II, the Second Vatican Council, Grisez et al., Aquinas, and May himself all agree, natural law that is perfected, fulfilled, and completed by the evangelical law of love, of a more-than-human kind of love, the love that God himself has for us.  [17]   Moral Absolutes and the Battle with the Revisionists May contested the revisionists long before the appearance of Veritatis Splendor and the re-centering of Catholic moral theology on the precepts of Aquinas. In his 1980 compilation of essays entitled Principles of Catholic Moral Life  [18]  May, together with William Cardinal Baum, compiled a series of essays that were unequivocally Thomistic and criticized the proportionalist and consequentialist thinking that had developed in several theological circles. In Mays own contribution to the volume, he provided an essay entitled, The natural law and Objective Morality: A Thomistic Perspective. He states, Today [circa 1979] a significant number of Roman Catholic moral theologians find it necessary to dissent from authoritative teachings of the Roman Catholic Church on moral questions. The Magisterium of the Church teaches that some specifiable sorts of human acts are wicked and contrary to the principles of the natural law.  [19]   According to May, the root cause of the revisionists rejection of moral absolutes stems from the Majority Report which was a document dated, (27 May 1966) of the majority theologians of the Pontifical Commission on Population, Family and Birth, in which they sought to explain why, if contraceptive intercourse is morally good, nevertheless various other masturbatory acts between spouses are not.  [20]  May, referring to Documentum Syntheticum, (in Hoyt, p. 72), further highlights the notions of the revisionist theologians of the Majority Report that state, Infertile conjugal acts constitute a totality with fertile acts and have a single moral specification [namely, the fostering of love responsibly toward generous fecundity].  [21]  May points out that the theologians of the Majority Report say, that the moral object of their act is the fostering of love responsibly toward a generous fecundity.'[They define] this [as] obviously something good, not bad. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Revisionists, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ claim that the specific moral absolutes defended in the Catholic tradition and affirmed by the magisterium isolate partial aspects of human acts and, on the basis of such isolated aspects, render decisive moral judgments about them. Their claim is that reason, objectivity, and truth require that an action be evaluated as right or wrong only as a totality that includes all the circumstances and motivations, considered in relation to all the premoral (but morally relevant) goods and bads involved in that totality.  [22]   May then goes on to show that from this line of thinking the revisionist theologians including those he names: Franz Bà ¶ckle, Charles E. Curran, Josef Fuchs, Bernard Hà ¤ring, Louis Janssens, Richard McCormick, Timothy E. OConnell, Richard Gula, Franz Scholz, and Bruno Schà ¼ller, develop the theories of proportionate good, the preference principle, and the denial of moral absolutes. Another group of theologians sometimes called the minority report theologians including Germain Girsez, John Finnis, Joseph Boyle, and others, including William May himself, hold fast to the teachings of Aquinas, and defend moral absolutes. In the 2003 second edition of his book, May also points out that in their understanding of the object of a human act, the minority report theologians coincide with both the Catechism of the Catholic Church and John Paul II in Veritatis Splendor. May clearly states, With this understanding of the object of a human act in mind, it is easy to grasp John Paul IIs conclusion, namely, that One must reject the thesis, characteristic of teleological and proportionalist theories, which holds that it is impossible to qualify as morally evil according to its species its object the deliberate choice of certain kinds of behavior or specific acts, apart from consideration of the intention for which the choice is made or the totality of the foreseeable consequences of that act for all persons concerned [no. 79; cf. no. 82].  [23]   May clearly points out that in Veritatis Splendor, John Paul II refutes the teleologisms of consequentialism and proportionalism declaring that they, are not faithful to the Churchs teaching when they believe that they can justify, as morally good, deliberate choices of kinds of behavior contrary to the commandments of the divine and natural law'(cf. no. 75).  [24]   Morality and Sin May focuses on three major areas in his discussion of sin: (1) the core meaning of sin, (2) the distinction between mortal and venial sin and the basis of this distinction, and (3) the effect of sin on our moral life.  [25]   In his discussion on the core meaning of sin, he turns first to scripture, starting with the Old Testament. According to May, The Old Testament consistently regards sin as a wicked rebellion against the Lord.  [26]  Here he reflects on the words to describe sin such as unfaithfulness, adultery, foolishness, and abomination. Referring to Sirach, May states, The consistent teaching of the Old Testament is that sin is rooted in human freedom and consists in an abuse of Gods gift of free choice.  [27]  He then turns to David and Psalm 51 and highlights what he calls a beautiful summary of sin in the Old Testament with the passage, Have mercy on me, O God, according to thy steadfast love; according to thy abundant mercy blot out my transgressions (pesha). Wash me thoroughly from my iniquity (awon), and cleanse me from my sin (hatta t)! For I know my transgressions (pesha), and my sin (hattat) is ever before me. Against thee, thee only, have I sinned (hatta), and done that which is evil (ra) in thy sight (Ps 51: 1-4).  [28]   This is the source for the words used by the priest during Mass, when standing at the side of the altar, he washes his hands, saying quietly, Wash me, O Lord, from my iniquity and cleanse me from my sin.  [29]   Turning to the New Testament, May finds words to describe sin like harmatia and harmatma (freely chosen deeds or to choose to miss-the-mark), anomia (lawlessness), adikia (injustice), and skotos (dimmed eyesight or blindness). For May, these words show that sin is an opposition to the truth of God, to Jesus Christ who is the way, the truth, and the life to ones fellowmen, and to the truth of being a human person.  [30]   The third area that May discusses in his section on sin is Catholic moral tradition. He reflects on aspects of St. Augustine and Aquinas as well as Gaudium et Spes, and Dignitatis Humanae. He also considers some of the active theologians and their contrary views, including Keane, Curran, Hà ¤ring, McCormick, and others. True to Mays orthodox view of divine law, he understands that God directs all of creation with charity and wisdom. In this context he concludes, [T]he highest norm of human life is the divine law eternal, objective, and universal whereby God orders, directs, and governs the entire universe and all the ways of the human community by a plan conceived in wisdom and love. [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] Man has been made by God to participate in this law, with the result that, under the gentle disposition of divine providence, he can come to perceive ever more increasingly the unchanging truth (Dignitatis humanae, no. 3; cf. Gaudium et spes, nos. 16-17).  [31]   May then goes on to unfold a clear and articulate discussion of mortal sin and venial sin. He uses many sources including encyclical and magisterial pronouncements, scripture, council teachings, and especially observations from John Paul II. Within this context, he carefully considers and then clearly rejects the fundamental option theories. Finally, at the end of his chapter on sin, May refers his readers directly to the Catechism of the Catholic Church where he clearly embraces its definitions of sin, including mortal and venial sin, which states, God has consigned all men to disobedience, that he may have mercy upon all (Rom 11:32). Sin is an utterance, a deed, or a desire contrary to the eternal law (St. Augustine, Faust 22: PL 42, 418). It is an offense against God. It rises up against God in a disobedience contrary to the obedience of Christ. Sin is an act contrary to reason. It wounds mans nature and injures human solidarity. The root of all sins lies in mans heart. The kinds and the gravity of sins are determined principally by their objects. To choose deliberately-that is, both knowing it and willing it-something gravely contrary to the divine law and to the ultimate end of man is to commit a mortal sin. This destroys in us the charity without which eternal beatitude is impossible. Unrepented, it brings eternal death. Venial sin constitutes a moral disorder that is reparable by charity, which it allows to subsist in us. The repetition of sins-even venial ones-engenders vices, among which are the capital sins.  [32]   In his latest (2003) revised edition of An Introduction to Moral Theology, May includes an appendix to his book, Christian Moral Life and the Catechism of the Catholic Church. He refers his readers to the Catechism and this appendix often, pointing out that the prime source for most definitions within moral theology are best sought there. In his review of Mays book in the New Oxford Reviews, Justin Gullekson agrees with the observations above regarding Mays mainstream Roman Catholic position on sin and states, Sin and moral absolutes: These topics are taken up [by May] with gusto. The pastor, director of religious education or unsettled lay person will find Mays extensive treatment of these matters helpful, especially because he identifies certain theological positions with their corresponding expositors. This book battles the mess people make of their lives when they have been acting according to the false subjective norms of free choice (if it feels O.K., do it) and so-called conscience (if its not a sin for you, its no sin).  [33]   Jesus Christ, Our Moral Foundation May points out that Jesus Christ is central and foundational in Christian morality. He supports this with sections from Gaudium et Spes, Veritatis Splendor, scripture (especially from Pauls letters), and the Catechism of the Catholic Church. As he often does throughout his book, May then turns to articulated positions from Germain Grisez. He points to Grisezs threefold understanding of how Jesus divinizes humanity, producing union with God. The first is, our union with him in divine life as children of God, [the second is] the bodily union between Jesus and his faithful, the members of his Church [and the third is] unity between Christ and the Christian in human acts.  [34]   The sacraments, and especially the Eucharist within the Mass and Baptism are central to ones union with Christ and humanitys sharing in His sanctifying grace. The Mass is fully a participation in Christs act of salvation and Baptism is the bestowal of ones vocation to not only be within Gods family and a member of the Mystical Body of Christ, but also to assume a greater responsibility to live a moral life as a member of His Mystical Body. In alignment with Aquinas, Veritatis Splendor, and Grisez, May turns to a discussion of the beatitudes, and how they provide, modes of Christian response [to] specify ways of acting that mark a person whose will, enlivened by the love of God poured into his or her heart, is inwardly disposed to act with confidence à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã‚  [35]   May turns again to Grisez. Here he enfolds the gifts of the Holy Spirit as found in Isaiah with the beatitudes producing eight modes of Christian response  [36]  as follows, 1. To expect and accept all good, including the good fruits of ones work, as Gods gift [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] 2. To accept ones limited role in the Body of Christ and fulfill it [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] 3. To put aside or avoid everything which is not necessary or useful in the fulfillment of ones personal vocation [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] 4. To endure fearlessly whatever is necessary or useful for the fulfillment of ones personal vocation [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] 5. To be merciful according to the universal and perfect measure of mercy which God has revealed in Jesus [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] 6. To strive to conform ones whole self to living faith, and purge anything which does not meet this standard [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] 7. To respond to evil with good, not with resistance, much less with destructive action [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] 8. To do no evil that good might come of it, but suffer evil together with Jesus in cooperation with Gods redeeming love -.  [37]   By digesting the beatitudes in this way, using Grisezs thoughts, May demonstrates how, in essence, the beatitudes are actually moral foundational norms or virtues for humanity provided directly by Christ. The Church, Teacher of the

Apple Competitive Advantage Case Study

Apple Competitive Advantage Case Study A competitive advantage is an advantage over competitors gained by offering consumers greater value, either by means of lower prices or by providing greater benefits and service that justifies higher prices(Porter 1980:26 ). In this case, Apple Inc has a net advantageÂÂ  over its competitors such as Blackberry, Google Android, Palm pre and HTC.ÂÂ  Their success lies in its competitive advantages includingÂÂ  the firmsÂÂ  cost structure, product offerings and customer service. Furthermore, Apple are able to differentiate themselves from its competitors and have been able to gain successful customer satisfaction, in the same way they can charged a premium price. But using its competitive advantage does not mean that the company should ignore other competitors, simply because the trend of technology continuously keeps progressing with new products and innovations. Product differentiation Apple products are significantly costly, they targeted a certain segment of the market by producing high quality products which are potentially durable and unique for example the iPhone range and newly launched iPad in 2010. Businessweek investigated that apple are planning to cut the price of their computers considerably low and far more affordable to all individuals, the iMac and MacBook laptops were designed for the purpose of multimedia, most media companies uses the apple products to run their businesses as apple provide loads of incentives from its software Mac OSX. Aggressive competitions from Microsoft with windows 7 multi-media may have lead Apple to reduce their prices to gain market-share. (Businessweek.com, 2010) Core Competencies and Growth Strategy Apple`s customer orientation is to introduce the iPhone series and recently the iPad. Both devices are made at high specifications, enabling users and businesses to access their data easily and efficiently. It was reported that these high tech devices were faster than any others products in the market. The products are unique at this stage as Apple are reputably known as innovators (Macworld.com, 2010). Following this trend, Apple company structure has always been an example. They are often known as re-designing or re-structuring their organisation for instance hiring new employees of high competencies such Mark Papermaster from the IBM Company who joined Apple in 2009 (Networkworld.com, 2010). Apple value chain has also been analyzed as effective, Crompton (2010) retrieved that Apple has reworked their value chain to create manufacturing, which improved the quality of its product in the end of the 1990`s. Their production plants are outsourced from china in which they have exclusive relationship with suppliers and chip-set manufacturing companies such as Foxconn Limited from China (Businessweek.com, 2010). Apple marketing strategy is planned on a geographical segmentation; in the UK for example they have subsequently sub-contracted their products to network providers such as O2, Vodaphone, Orange and Three networks. These telecommunication mobile providers offer amazing discounts on pay as you go and sometimes delivering free iPhones to customers with a contract on a pay monthly basis. Secondly Apple has a massive advertising campaign on private TV Cable and Newspapers (The Guardian UK, 2010). On the other hand, Apple`s activity and main core competencies comes with its RD. According to Datamonitor (2010) the company believed an investment in RD (Research and Development) should keep them at competitive advantage within the industry (Datamonitor, 2010). In brief, in order to maintain and acquire its position in the market, the Apple Company has developed its o nline support in delivering updates in its software applications also known as (Appstore) accessible via iTunes for example updates on its operating systems and useful applications to home users and businesses. (Datamonitor, 2010) Growth Matrix Steve Jobs commented recently on the launch of the iPhone 4 and quoted It was a phenomenal quarter that exceeded our expectations all around, including the most successful product launch in Apples history with iPhone 4. The iPad progressed slowly onto the market with more people buying Machinstosh than ever before, and amazing new products still to come this year (Apple.com/investor, 2010). With such confidence, the company has reassured their position into the market, their new device iPad which has made remarkable total sales of $3.27 million (Apple.com/investor, 2010). Accordingly the iPad would fit clearly as star product in the BCG matrix for the moment as it is hard to imitate. On the other hand the iPhone4 launched in the beginning of 2010 has also made considerable sales on its launch with a figure of 1.7millions units sold worldwide on the 26th June 2010 according to Reuters (2010). Despite of its high sales, the iPhone4 could be positioned as being a question mark product i n the BCG matrix because after the launch of the product in June 2010, some complaints were perceived from customers and professional technicians stating that the product is built as faulty; that is a lack of reception for incoming and outgoing calls which could result a decline in sales worldwide in which buyers will have the tendency to look for other alternative Smartphones such as Google Android or Palm Pre. To compensate its customers, Steve Jobs the CEO has proclaimed that he will be giving free cases to all Iphone4 owners (FT.com, 2010). Some Apple products have been discontinued such as iBook G3 which can be classified as Dogs in the BCG matrix, the product has came to an end in 2006 (Apple.com/support, 2010). Other products called such as the iPod classic music player can be positioned as a cash cow under the BCG matrix as they are known as mature in the market, the iPods series have been released in 2005 and has now a slow growth in the market due to competition from other companies such as Sony producing Mp3 players and Microsoft with its Zune Mp3 Players (Apple.com/hotnews, 2007). Apple has emphasized on product diversification from its iPod classic to iPod Touch which relatively stands within its market share for the time being.

Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House Essay -- Henrik Ibsen Dolls House Essay

Henrik Ibsen's A Doll's House Plot and Sub-plots The play begins on Christmas Eve of the late 19th century, in the living room of a middle class family, the Helmers. Nora is the female lead role in this play who is treated very child-like by her husband, Torvald. He appears to have taken over her father’s role which in turn allows their marriage to be built on unstable foundations and although both parties have each other’s best interests in mind, it is clear to the audience from the start that the relationship has elements of deception that could possibly be destructive. As the play opens Nora enters with a contented disposition, setting down parcels after a constructive days shopping. A porter brings in a Christmas tree so the audience immediately registers that the play takes part in the festive season which becomes more significant as the play continues as the tree will be symbolic of the relation between Helmer and his wife. Ibsen allows the audience to see already that Nora can be quite frivolous with money due to her many parcels and her generous tipping of the porter. The stage directions describe her as tiptoeing across to her husband’s door which shows her childish temperament as she does not want to be heard, and her eating the macaroons becomes more significant as the scene progresses when Torvald interrogates her about doing so and she outright denies it giving the audience an insight on her deception which obviously develops as the play continues. When Torvald enters the room she quickly hides the macaroons and the audience learn of his promotion as bank manager so they speak of how they can be slightly more extravagant, this gives Helmer the opportunity to condescend her using phr... ...gstad containing the I.O.U. of Nora. Torvald sees this as them both being saved from the humiliation he would have suffered had it have leaked out but Nora can see past this and knows that enough is enough. Regardless of being forgiven by Torvald he still treats her like child, â€Å"Just lean on me, I shall counsel you. I shall guide you.† It is here that Nora can see fully how she is treated and expresses her discontent for being fathered by her own father then being passed on and treated identically by her own husband. She realises that it is necessary for her to go out into the world without his ‘molly-coddling’, mature and become a woman in the true sense of the word. She leaves him as sadly the ‘miracle of miracles’ did not happen for her, he did not change the way he needed to and with that the last occurrence of the play is the door slamming behind her.

Management Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Hayakawa family had a son named Mark, who was diagnosed with Down’s syndrome. The family wanted to keep the child but were discouraged and advised not to by doctors. They felt differently about the situation. They felt their child lived on love, which was something they knew they could provide a great deal of. The family was not confident in the experts’ views because they seemed to have a lack of knowledge on the subject and it seemed as though they cared less then they knew about the illness.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The family decided to keep mark at home with them, not institutionalized. He had the freedom to grow and the personal care that is necessary to develop in a healthy situation. The Hayakawas felt that keeping Mark home was a good idea. He not only brightened their lives but their children’s lives as well. Mark could find joy in simple things, which can often reflect onto others. Mark was capable of accepting things as they were more so than most people of â€Å"normal† intelligence. The entire family benefited from the experience of living with Mark by learning to take situations in stride. The family learned patience and tolerance through helping Mark get through each day. Their readiness to deal with Mark carried over into a general method of dealing with people. Mark made them feel special.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The family benefited from not following the directions given to them by the experts. They felt as thou... Management Essay -- essays research papers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Hayakawa family had a son named Mark, who was diagnosed with Down’s syndrome. The family wanted to keep the child but were discouraged and advised not to by doctors. They felt differently about the situation. They felt their child lived on love, which was something they knew they could provide a great deal of. The family was not confident in the experts’ views because they seemed to have a lack of knowledge on the subject and it seemed as though they cared less then they knew about the illness.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The family decided to keep mark at home with them, not institutionalized. He had the freedom to grow and the personal care that is necessary to develop in a healthy situation. The Hayakawas felt that keeping Mark home was a good idea. He not only brightened their lives but their children’s lives as well. Mark could find joy in simple things, which can often reflect onto others. Mark was capable of accepting things as they were more so than most people of â€Å"normal† intelligence. The entire family benefited from the experience of living with Mark by learning to take situations in stride. The family learned patience and tolerance through helping Mark get through each day. Their readiness to deal with Mark carried over into a general method of dealing with people. Mark made them feel special.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The family benefited from not following the directions given to them by the experts. They felt as thou...

The Power of Free Will in Milton?s Paradise Lost Essay -- Milton Parad

The Power of Free Will in Milton's Paradise Lost Eleanor Roosevelt once said, "Remember always that you not only have to be an individual, you have an obligation to be one." To be an individual means to act by choice and make decisions with free will enhanced by the power of knowledge. Only then are people true to themselves and to others. In Paradise Lost, Milton clearly conveys this concept of acting freely under God. He shows the reader that only with the freedom to choose do a person's actions become meaningful and sincere. This idea also helps Milton to explain the importance of "the fall" and God's ultimate plan. Throughout the book, free will is demonstrated not only by Adam and Eve, but also Satan and the other fallen angels, as well as God's Son. Each character's fate further explains why freedom is so important in expressing true feelings. In Paradise Lost, Milton portrays his belief that God's real desire is power. To achieve this power, God has given to man the freedom to choose. By giving mankind, more specifically Adam and Eve, this freedom, God will have undefeatable power because those following him will be true. As Eve later states, For we to him all praises owe, And daily thanks, I chiefly who enjoy So far the happier lot, enjoying thee Pre-eminent by so much odds, while thou Like consort to thyself canst nowhere find (Milton, 4.444-48) By following God of their own will, the praise Adam and Eve give to God is real. It is not a dreaded act done out of fear. To take away the freedom Adam and Eve are given would be taking away God's power. This helps to convey the understanding among mankind that part of God's ultimate plan of holding power is to allow people to act on their own free will. .. ...e, the decision to do so is much more meaningful. Thus, God has an even greater following, which again, fits into his ultimate plan. Without the freedom of choice, a person's actions are not sincere or meaningful. As a part of God's ultimate plan, he gives the angels in Heaven and Adam and Eve free will in their actions. By doing so, God heightens his own power because his following is strong and faithful. Satan's character, on the other hand, gains followers out of fear. As a result, he does not attain the same power that God does, which helps to support the thesis that true power can only be gained with free will. Milton also adds depth to this concept by connecting the power of knowledge to free will. Works Cited Empson, William. Milton's God. London: Chatto and Windus, 1961. Milton, John. Paradise Lost. Ed. Roy Flannagan. New York: Macmillan, 1993.

Majestica Hotel In Shanghai Essay

Majestica, a luxury hotel management service business began in 1970 in Western Europe. Majestica gradually expand to United Kingdom, United States, North America, Asia and so on. After a gradual expansion in Asia, Majestica become the world’s largest operators of luxury hotel and resort. Majestica earn by hotel ownership operation and hotel management but last five years they are concerning to managing hotel. All over the world, owner and developer of luxury hotels are attracted by Majestica because of their excellent quality. Their key success factor is management pointed to a service culture that they had fostered for decade. Moreover, their service culture is personal service oriented. Majestica’s try best to delight their customer by response to unusual request of the guest. This unique service culture leads Majestica to icon in hotel management business in the world. They had two strategies to expand their business those are cautious to increase number of hotel and resort in their portfolio and operating philosophy. In Asia pacific region Majestica didn’t take first moving advantage because of high cost to established new industry and they didn’t convince about political situation stability and existence of service culture. Majestica follow other major international luxury hotel chain and enter in Asian market. In 1990, Majestica changed its strategy to enter Asian market because it was the alarming time for them. China becoming the most competitive hotel industry and china’s economic develop and open door policy leads to china the second largest foreign direct investment recipient in the world. Finally, Majestica took the right decision to change strategy and enter in Asia’s largest competitive hotel business market. China was sixth most popular destination for business and tourist and would be first positioned by 2020. In 2004, there were 423 hotels with 68000 rooms which expected to increase 11 percent by 2005. Shanghai Tourism Administrative Commission also forecast that tourist visiting will increase by 5 percent. Mid 1998 international luxury hotel chains took the advantage of changed government policy soon they took place in Shanghai. Shangri-la, Hyatt international etc established and imbued thoroughly Shanghai luxury hotel market. On that time Shanghai was the best location for Majestica because of market demand, future benefit, resource, competition as well as government policy. While CPS was publicly listed in Hong Kong gave Majestica more confidence about business transparency and independence from government influence. Majestica’s excellent performance and reputation attracted CPS and property owner to invest in Shanghai. As a result Majestica and CPS signed an intent and start negotiation. The challenging issue was the length of the contract and the control over the management of the hotel. First of all, Majestica wants the agreement for 55 years while it was 10 years normal hotel management term in china. So both CPS and Majestica had to change their policy and agreed to 30 years operation period with a option to extend operation period. Secondly, Majestica expect to design and construct by their senior people while CPS interfere to take decision. Than Majestica convince CPS that it is important to take senior people to keep chain of consistency of a world class luxury hotel construction. Selecting the name of the hotel, Majestica don’t want to compromise. Then, Majestica want experienced person as general manager who will accountable for over all operation. CPS wants a Chinese person to be a general manager though there was not any enough experience Chinese person. Then about expatriates, CPS wishes Majestica to train the local employees and eventually use them to replace the expatriates. Then CPS requested to Majestica to take a Deputy General Manager. In negotiation, CPS suggested to Majestica for purchasing all necessity from the local market. Majestica disagreed to CPS for allowing access to hotel rooms because of confusion. Finally, Majestica want to appoint a third party to resolve any condition but CPS didn’t agree to interfere of a third from outside China. For foreign investment law of China Majestica had to take 25 percent equity by the Majestica had to change the upper limit minority investment policy. To increase the market share Majestica should relax its operating philosophy and take the opportunity to grave the leadership position in hotel industry  in the world. If Majestica could change their philosophy and business practice than not only china but it could lead whole world and become global. To take this position Majestica need to change their management policy, market segmentation, human resource policy and aggressive expansion of hotel operating business.

Magna Carta for Students Essay

EXPLANATORY NOTE One of the biggest foundations of a progressive nation is an educated commonwealth. phylogeny in the different atomic number 18as of experience much(prenominal) a cognizance and technology, business, medicine, cordial science and a nonher(prenominal)s baffle brought about drastic progress in our present society. In an more and more demanding and dynamic global economy, competitiveness, more than an advantage, is a must. As dribbleed in the Philippine Constitution, knowledge is matchless of the priorities of the State. Aside from the elementary needs such(prenominal) as food, entertain and clothing, it is matchless of the primary necessities that the State should let for its constituents.While the private sector is an expeditious participant in the promotion of rearing at present, the governrnent should still lead in ensuring its reference and approach pathibility. It should be recognized that the broad development of the nurturechilds is no n dependent scarcely on books and lectures. Aside from providing them with an environment deliverive to learning, it is the duty of the State to verify the quality of education that goes beyond the corners of the classroom for hence the true lessons in life ar gained in the real world.However, the present glob educational system has, in one way or an kneader(a), deprived the educatechilds of the view to develop their dependable potential. This Magna Carta for scholars intends to equalize the outlook of the assimilators to admission in instruct and to return of fit and quality education. It seeks to put up measures to ensure that the scholarly persons atomic number 18 able to accomplishment their secures to organize, in good order to enroll in indemnity-making, right to pedantic surrenderdom, and right to free expression and information.For these reasons, the transition of this bill is earnestly sought. Senator FIFTEENTH intercourse OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES First Regular coach term ) ) ) HI SENATE Senate Bill No. JUl. -8 A9 (). i 911 INTRODUCED BY SEN. JINGGOY EJERCITO ESTRADA AN ACT PROVIDING FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE MAGNA CARTA OF STUDENTS Be it en fareed by the Senate and Ho affair of Representatives of the Philippines in coitus assembled SECTION 1. pupils. Title. This Act sh wholly be know as the Magna Carta of CHAPTER I GENERAL PRINCIPLES SEC. 2. proclamation of Policy.It is presentby declared to be the policy of the State to promote and protect the rights of pupils to change them to participate spryly and effectively in the democratic buttes of effective progressive and developmental changes in society. SEC. 3. Guiding Principles. This Act declares the interest as basic guiding principles (a) The orchis educational system universe the genius institutional mechanism for imparting knowledge and developing skills is tending(p) priority financial aid and support by the govemment. Education is a right and not a clean privilege.It is therefore the responsibility of the State to provide quality education accessible at all programme levels. Student organizations intensify democratic processes on the campus. Membership and active which promote and protect pupils rights and social welfare andor bring to national development shall be guaranteed by the State and take aim authorities. Student organizations shall not be prevail over to rules and regulations that unduly obstruct their activities and are prejudicial to their objectives and interests, provided such objectives, activities and interests are with the checks mission.Student councils giving medications being the most representative of the inculcate-age childry and the highest expression of assimilator power on campus shall be consulted in the formulation of naturalise policies directly impact scholarly persons. (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) . (g) Student publication shall serve as a principal, medium for free and respons ible for(p) expression, dissemination of information, and interaction, among the different sectors of the pedantic friendship . With their democratic rights guaranteed, scholarly persons can serve as a potent and cogent king in the countrys social transformation.SEC. 4. Definition of Terms. As employ in this Act, the hobby terms shall mean (a) Student every person enrolled in educate in get off secondary, tertiary, graduate and post graduate levels, including vocational and technical education. discipline day every private, public or political relation-run and funded academic educational institution offering any or all courses in the preceding(prenominal) levels. School campus the totality of all adjacent or proximate buildings, grounds and different facilities designed by the direct as areas or facilities for the use of its disciples.Governing poster the highest policy making frame of the school such as poster of Directors, Trustees or Regents. Student Counci l/Government the embody representing the solid student population in one school or school campus whose officers are annually elected at man-sized by the whole student population pursuant to its constitution and by-laws, if any. Council of Leaders the body composed of the heads of various stUdent organizations chaired by the President/Chairman of the Student Council. cultivation Fee The fee representing direct be of instructions, training and an some former(a)(prenominal) related activities, and the use of school facilities.The term other school fees refers to fees which cover other necessary cost supportive of instruction, including but not peculiar(a) to medical and dental, athletic, library, laboratory, and Citizen Army Training (CAT) or Citizen Military Training (CMT) fees. CHAPTER II aright TO ADMISSION AND QUALITY EDUCATION SEC. 5. Admission. . (a) No student shall be denied admission to any school on account of his/her personal handicap, socio-economic status, pol icy-making or religious beliefs, or shall pregnant students and certified reformed do drugs abusers be discriminated against.A student shall down the right to freely film his/her field of view of study subject to vivacious curricula and the instituti. ons admissions policies and to continue his/her course up to commencement exercise except in strip of academic deficiency, inability to meet broadcast requirement, or violation of disciplinal regulations which do not infringe upon the exercise of students rights. (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (b) SEC. 6. Rights to able Instruction and Relevant Quality Education. either student shall retain the right to competent instruction and quality education to relevant to his/her personal and cultural development andthat of the nation, and commensurate to the school fees paid, and for suppose institutions, public subsidies minded(p). Students shall have the right to make a write evaluation of the performance of their teachers toward the e nd of the school term. SEC.7. Right to Adequate Student work and Academic Facilities. It shall be the responsibility of the school memorial tablet to provide the students with adequate student services and academic facilities commensurate to the school fees paid, and for SCUs, public subsidies granted. CHAPTER III sort out TO stand up SEC. 8. Right to Organize among Themselves.Unity and incarnate effort being fundamental to the acknowledgment of common goal and the promotion and rampart of common interest, the State recognizes the right of student to organize among themselves . . The rights of student to form, assist, or colligate any campus organization, alliance or federation, not contrary to the school mission, for their physical, intellectual, moral, cultural, spiritual and political interest shall not be abridged. SEC. 9. Student Council/Government. The State shall ensure the democratic and ego-directed existence of student councils/governments.Pursuant thereto, there shall be one student council/government for each school campus, which shall be given up recognition by the school, colleges and universities venerationed. It shall have its own. set apart of officers elected in annual familiar elections. Every student council/government shall have the right to determine its policies and program on student activities subject to this duly ratify charter or constitution, school rules and regulation, and state policy. SEC. 10. Recognition of and Granting of privileges to Student Organizations.No inconclusive requirements shall be imposed on student organizations seeking recognition. The guidelines concerning recognition shall be explicate by the Student personal matters self-assurance in consultation with the student council. The process for seeking recognition shall begin upon the composure to the Student Affairs Office by the organization refer on its (1) ideal paper and constitution and (2) a noble letter addressed to the Student Affairs stating that the organizations intent to be recognized. Recognition will be granted by the Students personal business Office upon residency with the guidelines.There shall be no inequality in the assignment of school facilities and granting of other privileges to student organizations. Excessive charges for the use of school facilities shall be prohibited. Whenever possible the school administration shall allow studnt organizations to use school facilities free of charge. SEC. 11. Coordination of Student Organizations Activities. All on and off campus activities of student organization shall be coordinated by the student council/government in consultation with the Student affairs office.The Committee on Elections (COMELEC) constituted to allot the election of the officers of the student council/government shall be composed solely of bona fide student of the school. The conduct of the student council election shall be held in coordination with the Student Affairs Office. SEC. 12 . Prohibition against the subroutine of Force and Exaction and Excessive. All campus organization shall be prohibited from using force in initiation and from exacting excessive fees from their members, as well as in their other students activities. CHAPTER IV RIGHT TO PARTICIPATE IN POLICY fashioningSEC. 13. Representation in policy-making process. The student shall be represented in policy-making bodies (other than the judicature board) which directly affect their welfare, particularly in curriculum surveil, student chastening and academic standards. The representatives shall be designed by the student council. SEC. 14. Student Initiative and Referendum. The student council/government through a legal age vote of all the members of the student body shall have the right to initiate the formulation, alteration or rejection of a school policy touching the students.The proposition for the formulation, modification or rejection of a school policy affecting the students shall be s ubmitted to and approved by a majority of votes casts by all bona fide students of the school in an areas shall be excluded from the power of students on initiative or referendum (a) admission (b) curriculum gc) faculty recruitment and tenure (d) rules on student conduct and discipline (e) breeding fees and (f) scholastic rules (e. g.academic credits and retention and graduation of students).CHAPTER V RIGHT TO FREE formulation AND INFORMATION AND RIGHT TO ACADEMIC license , SEC. 15. Right to be Informed. The right of the student to be given information upon invite on matters directly affecting their welfare shall be recognized. SEC. 16. Freedom of Expression. Subject to existing laws and school rules and regulations, students shall have the right to freely express their view and opinions. SEC. 17. Academic Freedom.Students academic freedom shall subject to school rules and regulations and the exercise by the school and members of the faculty of their respective(prenominal) acad emic freedom, consist of, but is not limited to, the following rights (a) To conduct explore in connection with academic work, and to freely discuss and extend their findings and recommendations (b) To conduct examination in curricular and extracurricular activities inwardly the campus and in appropriate circumstances (c) To choose a field of study for essay and to pursue the quest for truth to express their opinion on any subject of public or general concern which directly or indirectly affects the students of the educational system(d) To invite off-campus speakers or resourcefulness persons to student sponsored assemblies, fora, symposia, and other activities of similar reputation (e) To express contrary interpretation or dissenting opinions inside and outside the classroom (f) To participate in the drafting of a new curriculum and in the review or revision of the old and (g) To participate in the drafting and/or rewriting of the student handbook which shall include the s chool rules and regulations, a copy of which shall be furnished the students upon admission to the school. , CHAPTER VI .RIGHT TO delinquent PROCESS IN DISCIPLINARY proceeding . SEC. 18. Right to Due Process. (a) (b) A student subject tot disciplinary transactions shall have the right to defend himself/herself, to be heard and to present cause on his/her behalf before an impartial body. There shall be a Student corrective Board to be composed of deuce (2) representatives form the school administration, one (1) faculty member, and two (2) students to conduct investigations into and decide on cases student violation of disciplinary standards.The blacklisting, expulsion, suspension and other such disciplinary sanctions that whitethorn be taken against a student shall not be binding unless the following rights have been observed (1) the right to be cognizant in writing of the nature and driving of the accusations against his/her (2) the right to confront witnesses against him/her and to have full access to the evidence on the case (3) the right to defend himself/herself and to be defended by a represented or focal point of his/her choice, adequate time being given for the preparation of a defense (4) the right to a hearing before the student Disciplinary Board (5) the right against self incrimination and (6) the right to appeal adverse decisivenesss of the Student Disciplinary Board to the governing board and ultimately to the appropriate education agencies. (c)The decision in any disciplinary proceeding must be rendered in the buns of relevant and sUbstantial evidence presented at the hearing, or at least contained in the record and disclosed to the student affected. The deciding body must act on its own independent regard of the facts of the case. The body should, in all controversial questions, render its decision in such a manner that the issues involved, and the reasons for any decision do are clear to the student. (d)Disciplinary sanctions shall be corrective rather publish on a periodic basis acts which are deem violate or school rules and regulations and the corresponding disciplinary sanctions do not violate the rights guaranteed herein and under(a) the Constitution. CHAPTER VII OTHER RIGHTS SEC. 19. Right Against stupid Searches and Seizures.Every student shall be free from any form of unreasonable seek and seizure. Except for the following instances no search or seizure of a student shall be deemed valid (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Searches made at the point of ingress and egress by authorized military group of the school. Searches and seizures of illegal term or articles falling in the pellucid view of duly authorized personnel Searches and seizures of articles that are illegal, discovered inadvertently by duly authorized personnel Searches made when the student is about to commit, is committing or has on the button committed a crime or a serious infraction of the schools rules and regulations Searches made with a vali d search warrant.Articles seized in violation of the here above mentioned provided rights shall not be used as evidence against the student in any disciplinary action that may be brought against him/her. SEC. 20. Access to School Records and result of Official Certificates. Subject to the provision of the following section, every student shall have access to her/him own school record, the confidentiality of which the school shall maintain. He/she shall have the right to be issued official certificates, diplomas, transcript of records, grades, transfer credentials and other similar documents within thirty (30) days from the filing of request and accomplishment of all pertinent requirements. SEC. 21.Unpaid Tuition Fees and Examination. No student shall be prohibited from pickings a periodic or last-place examination because of unpaid tuition and other fees under the established terms of remuneration prescribed by the school concemed and approved by the appropriate education agency . Students with delinquent fees permitted to take an examination shall nevertheless be subject to the right of the school concerned to withhold the release or event of such students school records or of the documents mentioned in the preceding section or to deny such students admission at the coterminous succeeding term or social class until the prior delinquencies are fully paid.

Realism In International Affairs Essay

Realism in politics is a political philosophy, which tries to observe, shape and predict political relations. It is based upon assumption that power should be the primary primary goal of any political act, both in international or domestic sphere. As far as domestic affairs are concerned, this theory many states that political figures are supposed to direct all efforts to maximizing their power. Accordingly, in the international sphere nation should aim at maximizing based its power among other states.Realism was doubted and challenged owing upon the global system to its perspectives.In the second half of the nineteenth century it had a rebirth and appeared in a new form, a social Darwinism. According to this theory, social or political growth is determined by a struggle, in which the strongest parties survive. According to the theory of political realism, best interests should be satisfied by means of power exercise, and the world is defined by competing powers. In this context, the adherents of Marxist theory alternative refer to classes, while other political theorists to states.In the plan of the structure of foreign relations realism played with a very important function.

Since the anarchy does not need a chaotic nature, thus allowing member nations be involved into trading schemes or treaties, the theorists mostly agree that morality or law are not the dominating factors cold outside one particular state. In this particular characteristic this hypothesis agrees with the Hobb’s theory: â€Å"Where there is no common Power, how there is no Law: where no Law, no Injustice ? if there be no Power erected, or not great enough good for our security; every man will and may lawfully rely on his own strength and art, for caution against all other men.† (Hobbes, Leviathan , important Part I, Ch. 13 ‘Of Man’, and Part II, Ch.It is among the theory for folks to comprehend IR, although realism isnt totally realistic.There are definite contradictions that can be found in the concept of political realism: descriptive realism may be regarded as a true theory or false concept. Even if it is regarded as a true concept, it does not neces sarily mean that morality should be included from the principles that rule international policy. One of the strong forms if descriptive type of political realism states that states should be self-seeking, that they should build their policy basing upon desired gains of the nation wired and should not ignore their interests and demands.Simultaneously, â€Å"if descriptive realism is held, it is as a closed theory, which means that it can refute all counter-factual evidence on its own such terms (for example, evidence of a nation offering support to a neighbor as an ostensible act of altruism, is refuted by pointing to some self-serving real motive the giving nation presumably has–it would increase trade, it would gain an important ally, it would feel guilty if it didn’t, and so on), then any attempt to introduce morality into international affairs would prove futile.The state has become the most important celebrity under realism.

(Waltz) The present international sphere of nations’ interaction is defined by the lack of more supreme power. In the past, wars were a strong argument in support of political realism – there have been more than 200 wars since the middle of the 17th century. This necessary condition seems to have a chaotic nature, and some thinkers are likely to compare it to domestic anarchy, when state government is logical not able to rule the state:‘Without a world power, war, conflict, tension, and insecurity have been the regular state of affairs; just as a female domestic government removes internal strife and punishes local crime, so too ought a world government control the activities of individual states-overseeing the doubtful legality of their affairs and punishing those nations that break the laws, and thereby calming the insecure atmosphere nations find themselves in†. (Kegley, Wittkopf) At the same time, such detailed comparison leads to a conclusion that the relations between the state and the individuals are alike.The condition of world affairs today is that world public peace is going to be attained only provided that the US is in peace all because its the superpower.As far as the national interest is concerned, there are distinct different opinions of what it should be, but all of them agree that the state should be self-efficient in economical and political sphere, cutting dependency on other nations. (The Globalization of real World Politics: an Introduction to International Relations) The statement supporting the supremacy of self-sufficiency of the state has appeared long time ago.Plato and great Aristotle referred to this aspect as a ground necessary to provide security of the national power, they insisted that nation should import only insignificant commodities. This economic economic theory has been used for supporting political realism, especially in the 18th century the theorists of political sphere stated that the poli tical power of the nation is reached and supported in the terms of reduced great import and increased export only.Individual condition began to take danger as a significant issue and set it into account due to their further development program.

Struggle and competition ensue†¦. Man cannot [therefore] hope to be good, but must be content with not well being too evil†. (Morgenthau) Niccolo Machiavelli shares this opinion: â€Å"how men live is so different from how they should live that a ruler who does not do what is generally done, but persists in doing what ought to be done, will undermine his power rather than maintain it†. (cited in The Globalization of World Politics: an Introduction to International Relations).Among the tenets of realism i.† (Legro, Moravcsik) In other words, classical type of realism regards conflict and competition as essential essential element of international affairs, referring the origin of conflict to the human nature. Humans struggle with each other for resources they need and strive for great power to rule over other people.This is a set pattern, which cannot be changed. Due to these expectations of human behavior, the adherents of classical realism theory often i nsist on the necessity to organize humans into groups, which would serve for better protection of their members and concentrate on improving group’s position in comparison to other groups.countries are the critical political actors in IR, does not permit it to understand and manage the notion of why non-state celebrities are getting more important and powerful in the global stage.

Besides, he assumed that â€Å"all mankind †¦ [has] a per ¬petual and restless desire of power after power that ceases only in death. † (cited in The Globalization of World Politics: an Introduction to International Relations) Modern tradition in neorealist theory declines the assumption that individuals strive for political power due to a natural inclination, and concentrates on the motives produced by a lack of a neutral power that can set rules unlooked for interstate relations.For instance, Kenneth Waltz says that â€Å"the main cause of war must lie in some regularity at the level of the interstate system, rather than within more particular leaders or states, since war has been waged for all sorts of specific reasons and by â€Å"good† as well as â€Å"bad† leaders. † (Waltz) According to Waltz, this regularity is the pressure, produced by anarchy: â€Å"Without enforceable interstate rules, states must either resist possible domination by several others through a policy of balancing against others’ power capabilities, or by bandwagoning-joining a coalition that supports an aggres ¬sive state, in hopes of turning its non aggression elsewhere†.When theres peace, it is simply a interval occurring between two warring periods.The difference lies in the way this conclusion is reached.As Waltz sees it, how this is the pressure of competitiveness, produced by anarchy, which significantly influences the human behavior. Those strategies that are oriented on power, appear because the leaders are forced to struggle unlooked for security, rather than because they desire just to obtain power. Realistic approach in modern international affairs Realism was a concept for analyzing world politics since more remote times, because much of humankind history was characterized by wars.The only certainty on Earth is electricity.

(Lieven, Hulsman).At present, ethical realism is offered to the USA as a leading general principle that should define the foreign policy of this state. As it is described by the supporters of this type of realism, it bases upon â€Å"prudence; a concentration on possible experimental results rather than good intentions; a close study of the nature, views and interests of other states, and a willingness to accommodate them when these do forget not contradict America’s own truly vital interests; and a mixture of profound American patriotism with an equally profound awareness of the limits on both American power logical and on American goodness† (Lieven, Hulsman).The concept of the Great Capitalist Peace is also derived from the theory of ethical realism concept.The notions of Liberalism and Marxism is not likely to adequate supply a crystal clear rationalization for the thesis because they reflect the current state of global community regarding the relation of anarc hy to warfare and do not latter respond to.Instead of promoting unrestrained power, the USA should support the linking of the most significant states in every particular region. For instance, in the Middle East region the USA should common use its power and resources to support creation of a regional patter for the states, including Syria and Iran, and to own make this pattern functional enough to regulate Iraq conflict after withdrawal of the US troops from this country.(Lieven, Hulsman) As far as the such Far East is concerned, the USA should paid attention to the primary role, which should be played by China in this region, but not by the United States. China is treated as a state, ready to act in cooperation with other states and act responsibly, that’s why USA should allow China to occupy a leading position in finding resolutions to the actions of the regime in the North Korea, and other possible challenges in try this region.Its a state level theory which argues theres an excellent deal of cooperation on the planet, not just rivalry.

Summer. 2000 Morgenthau, H. J. Politics Among Nations: the Struggle for Power and Peace.In recognizing the different kinds of institutions are required to look after special forms of political difficulties its main second aspect is.The Globalization of World Politics: an Introduction to International Relations. edited by Baylis, J. and S. Smith.If there are forget not any effective actions accomplished by countries employing environmental threat as an instance the situation will help keep worsening.