Performance, Planning and Decision-Making Essay - 1

Performance, Planning and Decision-Making - Essay Example The context will enumerate the advantages that can be experienced by an organization by selecting an appropriate leadership style. At the same time, the context of the essay will explain some inherent problems associated with one single type of leadership. At the end the researcher will state that authentic leadership approach is the best method to govern a concern in the current dynamic world. The entire context of the essay will include several empirical examples for making the analysis more robust. The essay will focus on the importance of choosing appropriate leadership style for successful organizational performance. It will critically analyze for and against the statement concerned. The analysis will be done with the help of theoretical and empirical analysis tools. The state of business complexity has significantly increased in the current era. At this juncture, business firms actively seek productive ways by which they would be able to achieve competitive edges in business (Casson and Wadeson, 2012). Efficiency of factor resources is crucially required for long-term growth of a company. However, growth and productivity of all resources can be stimulated by a leader or an entrepreneur. Many researchers observe leadership as an important causal factor affecting performance of an organization. However, there exist very few studies that show the exact ways that allow leadership to affect performance, culture and climate of a business organization. There are various researches conducted on leadership relating to human services in organizations, but little investigation has been conducted on appropriate practice of leadership in the similar context. It is believed by some researchers that an organization is able to effectively prepare growth plans in business only after determining an appropriate leadership style. This is because through leadership, management system of

Transparency In Government Essay Example for Free

Transparency In Government Essay Introduction. Government organs and state owned enterprises are major buyers and sellers having a great impact on international trade. According to an OECD estimates, the total government procurement worldwide was estimated to be roughly equivalent to 82.3% of world merchandise and commercial services exports in 1998 alone[1]. Such public spending is essential in running government welfare programs such as, health, education, and pension and managing the infrastructure for future development. In order to obtain cost effective prices for contracting the services to run these projects, an efficient public procurement policy that incorporates elements of transparency and competition needs to be established to ensure that the tendering process is open to all interested parties. Besides, knowledge about a country’s contestable shares is important not only for investors, but also governments and trade negotiators. The Chairman of the WTO Working Group on Transparency in Government Procurement Practices, established after the 1996 WTO Ministerial Conference in Singapore, identified Transparency in Government Procurement as one of the twelve issues around which discussions on procurement matters at the WTO have been organized. This paper analyses in depth this issue with a view to improving market access and national welfare. For this purpose, we present the following structure. (SECTION II) The relationship between public procurement, market access and national welfare: Traditionally, public procurement is viewed as a sovereign domain of governments except when it is relinquished in favour of international trade agreements such as the WTO Agreement on Government Procurement. Though it’s easy to agree on a policy for ensuring transparency in Public Procurements, the implementation of such a policy depends on, among other factors, whether such an agreement will improve market access for suppliers at the same time cater for the county’s national welfare. Hence the main objective of this paper is to answer the question on whether transparency in Public Procurement can achieve both objectives. Here, we confirm that lack of transparency in PP reduces market access and national welfare only in the short run where the government’s demand is initially more than the total domestic supply but does not affect prices in the long run under perfect market conditions. {Baldwin and Richardson (1972)} at the same time, we examine the trade impact of transparent procurement policy and support the view that non-preferential procurement policy results in huge gains in national welfare. {Lowinger (1976) and Deardorff and Stern (1979)} (Section III) Actual data on the size of government procurement practices: Though the Data on government procurement markets are both scarce and non-standardized, we intend to measure the quantity of government procurements markets in the international trade. We shall also analyze the methodology used in collection and calculation of data from various countries with emphasis on SNA, WTO notifications, EC study based on EU official journal and the â€Å"bottom up approach[2]† The role of the OECD Trade Committee in respect of its analysis of government procurement practices shall also be examined.[3]. Section IV Rationale for discriminative practices: Cost effectiveness, geographical proximity especially for non-tradable goods[4] nationalism, corruption,[5] and protectionalism are some of the rationales that we shall discuss. We shall review the Keynesian theory associating procurement discrimination to macroeconomic development. Some projects that are prone to preferential treatment such as the aviation industry and defence contracts are also discussed. forms of discrimination such as the â€Å"outright exclusion† in which foreign bidders are excluded from tendering process, â€Å"preferential price margin† in which local bidders are preferred as long s the price difference doesn’t exceed specific margin and the concept of   â€Å"domestic content requirement† in which foreign suppliers are automatically disqualified from bidding unless they commit to purchase some components from domestic firms[6] have been reviewed. Section V Summary of the effect of preferential treatment: We present that procurement policies favouring domestic firms and products can impede international commerce especially when there is an outright ban for foreign suppliers. But at the same time local firms will greatly benefit thereby boosting national income. A liberalized policy on the other hand may achieve the WTO aim of market access, which in turn will positively affect national welfare, but transparency reform need not improve market access and welfare simultaneously[7]. We shall also highlight the importance of transparency in PP to global trade initiatives. Section VI Measures to improve transparency in procurement policies: We shall review reform initiatives and the factors aiding or hindering such reforms. International commitment in improving market access and national welfare shall also be discussed. We shall provide an overview of the achievements and failures of the following agreements in this regard. GATT 1947 The Tokyo round 1979 The Uruguay round 1994 The Singapore ministerial conference (1996) The Doha ministerial declaration (2001) Beyond the Cancun collapse The concluding remarks are given in section VII.   ACRONYMS OECD WTO World Trade Organisation SNA EC European Commission EU European Union PP Public Procurement GATT General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs. [1] OECD, The Size of Government Procurement Markets 11-Feb-2002, Available at http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/34/14/1845927.pdf [2] This is a method of gathering national data on procurement expenditure directly from the national procurement agencies of various countries. [3] Please study OECD Draft instrument on Government Purchasing Policies, Procidures and Practices forwarded to GATT in 1976 for better understanding. [4] Breton and Salmon, (1995) [5] Corrupt officials expand expenditures (Hines, 1997). For a detailed political economy rationale for reform see Hoekman (1998) [6] OECD, The Size of Government Procurement Markets 11-Feb-2002, Available at http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/34/14/1845927.pdf [7] Government procurement: market access, transparency, and multilateral trade rules Simon J. Evenett, Bernard M. Hoekman

A Lacanian Study of Motherhood in the Poems of William Wordsworth Essay

William Wordsworth was a prolific poet of the Romantic movement, perhaps best known for publishing Lyrical Ballads with friend and fellow poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge in 1798. These poems were written in what Wordsworth described as a ‘common tongue’ with a focus on themes often found in Romantic poetry, such as the pastoral, the mythical, fragmentation, heroism and satire. In Lyrical Ballads one recurring subject almost unique to Wordsworth in its passion and persistence is that of motherhood. The connection between womanhood and nature make it a frequently explored theme for many poets, such as Blake in his Songs of Innocence. However, I have chosen to focus on Wordsworth since motherhood is not only examined at great length in his poetry, but also because biographical details of his own life make analysis of his works concerning the topic all the more significant, since he had lost his own mother at the age of eight. For a topic such as motherhood, one school of critical thought likely to provide interesting observations is that of psychoanalysis. I have chosen to focus on Jacques Lacan for this essay since his theories have a greater emphasis on the use and formation of language in the individual than other key figures in his field, such as Jung or Freud. Lacan believed that when we examine literature, we do not merely analyse the characters of a text, but also the text itself as an effect of the linguistic wordplay of the unconscious. For this reason I feel that Lacan is particularly well suited to the discussion of poetry. In this essay I shall be making reference to Lacan’s analysis of The Three Orders and his account of The Mirror Stage in relation to the ego. For Lacan, the Mirror Stage is not ... ...ressing or painful situations, although we may have forgotten of origins of the compulsion. In the symbolic realm we also begin our unending search for Objet (petit) a, the lost object that must constantly be sought in order, we feel, to complete us: an unobtainable other. For Wordsworth, this Objet (petit) a appears to be the mother figure and his compulsion is to write about her from every perspective. Works Cited Bennett, Andrew, and Nicholas Royle. An introduction to literature, criticism and theory 4. ed. Harlow: Pearson Longman, 2009. Leitch, Vincent B. "Jacques Lacan." In The Norton anthology of theory and criticism. New York: Norton, 2001. Wilden, Anthony. System and structure: essays in communication and exchange. 2nd ed. London: Tavistock, 1980. Wu, Duncan. "Lyrical Ballads." In Romanticism: an anthology. Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 1994.

Implications of a performance pay system

IntroductionHuman resource and industrial relations is viewed by many scholars as themes that see the sights of thoughts that relates to employment relationships in many organizations including teaching institutions in Australia. The issue of performance in these institutions is of interest to nearly every one in the country and much has been centred on improving the results of the students that are in these institutions. Over the past few years, teachers have been under pressure to produce best results in Australia and this development has led to introducing performance/merit pay system. (Williams and Adam, 2006)There is an argument that some or all a worker’s pay is ‘contingent’ that is it only gets paid if the worker meets certain benchmarks. This means that teachers in learning institutions are required to beat specific targets in order to be compensated. The teachers will be compensated for the extra work that they have done and more specifically if their stu dents have performed best in their studies. Research indicates that the Australian teachers with superior degrees and additional years of experience are remunerated extra than those employed recently or those with low educational levels and terms of service are just a manifestation of age and persistence. This system is founded on the supposition that compensating teachers for outstanding performance would offer encouragements for enhanced student accomplishment gains in their studies. (Williams and Adam, 2006)These performance pay strategies are founded on individual instructor performance which may result to rivalry in the middle of the teachers in the learning institutions. This practice has led to every teacher the bright students when they are teaching them in order to achieve the best results and hence get bonuses associated with such outstanding performance. This means that the teacher’s cooperation which is essential in each and ever institution is threatened and actu ally in some cases shattered.This practice of performance pay in Australia has led to unions of teachers being argumentative that the assessment is prejudiced and it is not based on intended statistics. These performance pay systems often provides for additional payments to that of the teachers salaries and has led to economic complexities because more funds are required to be used for the payments.   This system of merit/performance pay has another bad implication to the teachers in that there are under enhanced strain and force to produce good results from their students in the learning institutions within Australia. This pressure in turn leads to low motivation of teachers which may affect the student’s performance in long-term when the teachers involved will feel that they have achieved enough in terms of gaining financial resources associated with student’s performance. (Hagglund and Provis 1996)The Industrial Relation perspectiveThe performance/merit pay system s in Australia has led to teachers expressing their dissatisfaction brought about by the increased pressure of trying to meet the set targets of students performance in order to be compensated. The teachers unions have had the responsibility to champion the rights of the teachers who are the members. (Blyton and Turnbull, 2004)Unitarism/pluralismFor effective collective bargaining teachers through their trade unions are expected to be united and speak in one voice. This implies that with such practice they will have a bigger advantage because their grievances can be solved with ease and with fewer complications. Channelling grievances through trade unions will give them an added advantage and they may be rewarded with payments that they will be comfortable with unlike when they just express their individual opinions to the relevant paying systems.Collectivism v individualismIndividualism is all about achieving individual goals while Collectivism can be defined as a system that asser ts the primacy of collective goals rather than individual goals. Through collectivism individuals’ requirements are viewed to be of less significance than that of the entire society. Individual privileges may be constrained if they are seen to go up against the objectives of the society. Today collectivism is practiced in Australia as socialism whereby socialism can be traced back to scholar known as Karl Marx (1818-1883).In his argument, Marx takes the view that the government or the state ought to own the way of production to guarantee a just reimbursement of workforce and to steer clear of mistreatment of the masses by a few individuals who take advantage of others for their own benefits. Socialism are of two forms; the first one being that of communism whereby its supporters supposes that socialism can only be attained through cruel revolutions and dictatorship. The second form is that of social democrats whereby its supporters seek to achieve socialism or collectivism th rough democratic means. (Hyman, 1975)Merit/performance pay system in Australia have been viewed by the teachers unions to be individual means of compensating performance and thus these unions have been seeking collectivism where all teachers are remunerated equally and depending on there competences. Collectivism in teachers performance may be achieved through the concept of collective bargaining by both the teachers unions and the employer in this case the Australian government. (Hunt and Provis, 1995)Fairness v competitivenessIn order to achieve goals in any learning institutions fairness should be practiced and unfair competition should be avoided because it may results to conflicts between the teachers in teaching fraternities in Australia. If merit pay system is encouraged in the teaching profession teachers will compete for brighter students. This implies that teachers will feel secure and be sure of more bonuses if their students are bright and can perform well in their studi es. With such system also teachers in Australia may result in competition whereby they try to outdo each other in terms of their remuneration that they get from there bonuses. This means that teachers can manipulate the results of their students in order to receive high bonuses than that of their fellow teachers.The HRM perspectiveHuman Resource Management strategy may be defined as a calculated means by which the enterprise deploy its human resources to accomplish its purpose and basic objectives under the most advantageous circumstances. This implies that the HRM strategy defines the direction in which the learning institutions in Australia intends to move and establish the framework of action through which it intends to get there due to the efficiency of the teachers. This is because the institution management and especially the Human Resource Departments believe that people are the most important assets in the institution as compared to other assets that aid in running learning institutions. (Maund, 2001)How can performance be assessed?The human resource perspectives take the view that performance can be assessed through the overall performance of the human resource and in this case the teachers in the various learning institutions. Performance can only be assessed through organizational effectiveness in learning institutions in Australia. Organization effectiveness can defined as achieving results in an organization through a well organized and coordinated series of managerial activities that comprises of planning, leading, organizing, directing, and controlling of all the resources in the organization including teachers in order to achieve desirable results.Organizational effectiveness involves number of activities including; recruiting competent, motivated and qualified teachers in order to achieve good results, good communication system in the learning institutions, unambiguous policies, decisions and regulations, a conducive environment for teaching, good management, ability to adapt to   any changes, and building a viable and strong culture and mission among others. (Sparrow and Hilltop, 1994)Therefore organization effectiveness can only be achieved through management functions; planning, which encompasses defining learning institution’s goals establishing an overall strategy for achieving those goals and developing a comprehensive hierarchy of plans to integrate and coordinate activities, organizing, which is the determination of what tasks have to be done, who does them how the tasks are to be grouped? Who reports to whom and where decisions are to be made.Controlling, this involves monitoring the teacher’s performance, leading, which involves head teachers motivating teachers, directing the activities to be done, selecting the most appropriate channels of communication and resolving any conflicts among the teachers. There are numerous ways in measuring the effectiveness of learning institutions and include; p roductivity, profits, stability, turnover, growth among others.How can differences in performance be rewarded?Rewarding differences in performance is a difficult task in learning institutions and especially in regards to teachers in Australia. It will be wise if the employees in this case the teachers are paid according to the work that they are doing. A good remuneration system that will involve paying better wages to these teachers as required in their profession plus other benefits when they have achieved the set goals. It is prudent for job evaluation to be carried out in order to reward performance.Job evaluation is all about the relative ranking of an individual job in relation to other jobs that exist within the group. This also refers to technique used in ranking of jobs in an organization. This is normally carried out on the basis of various responsibilities and duties that are assigned to the specific job or task. (Sheridan and Provis, 1998)The results of the job evaluatio n process include the job being assigned a specific range of payment.   The range normally includes a maximum pay rate that the specific job can attract and also the minimum rate of payment that can be given to a person holding such a position. Job evaluation as a management tool has been used by employers and managers for approximately more than seventy five years.This management tool has been used both in the private and in the public sector including in learning institutions. Basing on some generic factors, the value of each teaching job is well defined in the job evaluation process. When the teachers responsibilities are evaluated in terms of their results achieved then they can be rewarded with exactness and without prejudice. (Turner, 1962):Will it actually improve performance?Rewarding difference in performance through job evaluation is very important to employers and managers especially in learning institutions in Australia and actually may improve performance. The reason as to why rewarding difference in performance as a management tool never goes out of fashion is because it plays a big role in reducing teacher’s turnover rate.One of the steps involved in job evaluation is bench marking the jobs. This is done in relation to the jobs that have been evaluated before.   In this case the bench mark jobs are those that are commonly included in salary surveys found in most learning institutions. In this process the bench mark jobs of internal pay structures are related to the external structure’s existing in the labour market that is in other institutions.This greatly helps in reducing employee turnover in the various learning institutions because teachers will be satisfied with their pay. This is because job evaluation carried out will enable the learning institution’s pay grades to be at per with competitor institutions. In this case teachers will not see the need of looking for greener pastures since their pay grades will be sim ilar to what their colleagues in the same positions are paid in other learning institutions. This is really important to employers and managers because they will not be worried about losing teachers to better paying learning institutions and will also motivate the teachers to produce results. This generally plays a big role to stability in the organization. (Anderson, Provis, and Chappel, 2002)Possible disadvantages of actuality performance?There are some disadvantages associated with actuality performance and one can be that of teachers being under pressure to produce the best results in their teaching practice. Because of such pressure sometimes they feel over strained and hence they are low motivated at some level. It may also result to unfair competition between the teachers and this may lead to producing bad performance through sub standard teaching practices thus students may not gain the required knowledge and may be termed as half-baked in the job markets. (Provis, 2004)Conc lusionPerformance/merit pay can be both effective and ineffective in learning institutions in Australia. For example with such system teachers can produce the best results because they will be motivated to get bonuses from their work. On the other hand if not utilized well teachers may create an environment full of unfair competition in an effort to produce good results from their students and they may engage themselves in bad activities like leaking exams to students before the exam dates so that they can perform better. This implies that students will not have an opportunity to gain a wider knowledge but instead they will be narrowed to subjects and topics that will be included in their exams. (Provis, 1986)References:Anderson, B. Provis, C. and Chappel, S. (2002): The Recognition and Management of Emotional Labour in the Tourism Industry. Report to CRC on Sustainable Tourism, Pp 124-134Blyton, P. and Turnbull, P. (2004): The Dynamics of Employee Relations, 3rd Edition Macmillan, London Pp 32-56Hagglund, G. and C. Provis (1996): Enterprise Bargaining and Productivity Issues in South Australia, Contemporary Issues in Business and Government 2 (4), Pp 49-54Harris, R.., Provis, C., Park, R., Mason, D., Delbridge, R. and Gough, R. (2002): High Performance Manufacturing and the Learning Factory, Report to Industry Pp 78-89Hunt, I, and Provis, C (1995): The New Industrial Relations in Australia. Federation Press, Sydney Pp 67-78Hyman, R. (1975): Industrial Relations- A Marxist Introduction, Macmillan, London. Pp 67-89Maund, L. (2001): An Introduction to Human Resource Management: Theory and Practice: Palgrave, Macmillan. Pp 67-79Provis, C. (2004): Ethics and Organisational Politics, Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham and Northampton. Pp 100-123Provis, C. (1997): Mediation and Conciliation in Industrial Relations- Reflections from Australia,' Labour Studies Journal 21 (4), Pp 83-99Provis, C. (1986): Comparative Wage Justice.   Journal of Industrial Relations 28 (1) Pp 26-34Salamon, M. (2000): Industrial Relations. Theory and Practice, 4th Edition, Prentice Hall, London. Pp 45-67Sheridan, K. and C. Provis (1998): Enterprise Agreements in South Australia. Progress or pretence?   International Journal of Employment Studies 6 (1), Pp 129-1140.Sparrow, P. and Hilltop, J. (1994): European Human Resource Management in Transition: New York Prentice Hall, Pp 43-78Turner, H. (1962): Trade Union Democracy in Trade Union growth, structure and policy. Allen and Unwin, London. Pp 292-294Williams, S. and Adam S (2006): Contemporary Employment Relations- A Critical Introduction, Oxford Pp 54-67

Dracula & gothic genre Essay

Novels of the Gothic genre, like ‘Dracula’, are often set in big old castles or ruins. In this novel there is the setting of Dracula’s castle. This is an old castle in the middle of ‘one of the wildest and least known portions of Europe’. It is on the edge of a precipice and seems to be very grand. Harker describes it in his journal, ‘The castle is on the very edge of a terrible precipice. A stone falling from the window would fall a thousand feet without touching anything! ‘ This description of the castle makes it seem very quiet, rural and frightening. The sheer height of the castle would scare people. Stoker chooses his adjectives very carefully in ‘Dracula’, here he uses the adjective ‘terrible’ which sums up the gothic nature of the setting. There is also part of the novel set in a Whitby. Here there is a big ruined abbey and an open coastline. It is a dramatic seaside town. Stoker obviously chose it carefully to stress the full force of the weather and uneasy feelings of Mina. The weather in itself creates a scene of a gothic genre. There is a big storm approaching in chapter six and at the end of the chapter we get the very beginning of the storm. The weather was not easily explained at the time when ‘Dracula’ was written so this would give the reader unease and increase the fear. The Count participates greatly as an element of the gothic genre. His appearance is revolting and makes Harker ‘shudder’. ‘His eyebrows were very massive, almost meeting over the nose, and with bushy hair that seemed to curl in its own profusion. The mouth, so far as I could see it under the heavy moustache, was fixed and rather cruel-looking, with peculiarly sharp white teeth; these protruded over the lips, whose remarkable ruddiness showed astonishing vitality in a man of his years. For the rest his ears were pale and at the tops extremely pointed. ‘ Dracula’s pointed ears remind us of wolves which are often used in gothic novels. His mouth is ‘cruel-looking’ and his teeth are odd. Dracula also wears a cloak which has monotones of bats which are often linked to the gothic genre. He is also capable of controlling the wolves that he calls ‘the children of the night’. Wolves are often seen to be very scary as they come out at night and are generally vicious animals.

Tolerance and Truth in America

Tolerance and Truth in America The heritage of the United States of America is founded predominantly upon a belief in God. This is evident in the ancient laws which clearly integrated a lot of religious beliefs especially in matters concerning morality. The country’s currency, the dollar, bears the religious inscription â€Å"In God we trust†.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Tolerance and Truth in America specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More During the founding of the United States of America, the Catholic faith seemed to be the predominant religion in the country. This Christian faith was not necessarily imposed on anyone but was recognized as the true religion hence used as a basis for most of American moral law. Over the centuries numerous faith denominations have emerged, each convinced that theirs is the true religion. The ongoing truth and tolerance debate in America arose as a result of the emerging religions and faiths that all b elieved and claimed to have the truth. Edward Kennedy, a believer in the Christian faith, strongly advocated for tolerance especially amongst Christians. He began his popular speech on truth and tolerance by confessing his faith in God and his belief in Jesus Christ. He went on to admit that he did not presume that his religion and faith were not necessarily perfect. He acknowledged that irrespective of how much he believed in truth, no religion could claim a monopoly of it. He acknowledged that pluralism does not mean that all the religions are right, but it does mean that there are areas in which government should not decide what is wrong or right for the people to think or believe. In cases of sensitive issues such as abortion, Kennedy considered it transgression for any religion to require the government to legislate on what the citizens ought to do with such personal parts of their lives. This, to him, was an act of intolerance for other religions and beliefs. He however had no thing against spreading one’s faith except that it is to be done through an appeal to individuals’ consciences and not through coercion of the power of State. Therefore, tolerance does not require that religions and faith do not express their views but that no religion should impose its will on the State or on any governing body. In this way, the church and the State will be kept peacefully separate. The reasons for drawing this line included respect for the integrity of religion and the independent judgment of conscience. According to Edward Kennedy, an example of intolerance had been the election period in 1976. Some people hinted that Jimmy Carter ought not to be elected president of the United States of America because he was a born again Christian. This, to him, was unacceptable because it is wrong to judge a person’s fitness to govern based on their religion or whom they worshiped.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help y ou! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This was a persuasive argument and made a lot of sense because every person had their own beliefs and values. Tolerance, therefore, would have the people not basing their judgment and credibility upon their religious beliefs. In conclusion, it is essential to respect the motives of those who readily and openly disagree with the State and question the public’s integrity. Sometimes questioning each other’s integrity is a sign of looking out for each other and however much we are not obligated to agree with skeptics it is important to genuinely listen to them and consider their whatever point they are trying to put across. Scholars have argued that tolerance implies contentment with not knowing the truth. When truth is made relative then its meaning is lost. It is important to respect and tolerate people with differing points of view and beliefs. This, however, should not deter citizens from earnestly seekin g the truth even when it means being shaken out of their comfort zones which, in this case, may be the different religions.

buy custom Issues Affecting Supply Chain of Cars and Assembly Company essay

buy custom Issues Affecting Supply Chain of Cars and Assembly Company essay Introduction Supply chain involves a series of activities conducted in order to make goods available to consumers. A typical supply chain consists of consumers who make use of goods they need and which are available in the market. It also consists of retailers and wholesalers who are collectively known as distributors. This is because they are charged with the responsibility of transporting goods from manufacturers warehouses to places where they are needed and available to consumers. A typical supply chain also consists of manufacturers who assemble goods from raw materials into finished products with the purpose of fulfilling consumer needs. Manufacturers take the responsibility of packaging products for the presentation purposes. This allows them to put their seal on the product for preservation of its integrity. A supply chain also consists of suppliers who undertake supply of raw materials to manufacturers. A manufacturer may have a number of suppliers depending on the type of product being manufactured. In the case of cars, suppliers provide steel, rubber, metal alloys, glass and other types of supplies. This means that the suppliers may also be manufacturers for the respective raw materials. In this regard, a supply chain ends with the consumer but may start with several manufacturers playing a double role of manufacturers and suppliers. This paper analyses the assembly and distribution of automobiles and factors affecting the chain of supply as a unit as well as individual companies that make up the chain. General Motors and supply chain of cars The company General Motors is a supply chain by itself. This is because it undertakes to design, build and sell cars and automobile parts. The company was started in 1908 and has expanded to include offering of finances for automotive production. General Motors is wide and large company consisting of General Motors North America, General Motors Europe, General Motors financial, General Motors international operations and General Motors South America (Thompson Reuters, 2012). All these arms of the company help it in production of cars such as Chevrolet, GMC, Opel, Cadillac, Daewoo, Holden and Vauxhall. The General Motors supply chain includes manufacture of models such as Chevrolet, Vauxhall and the rest with each model having its own supply chain. Manufacture of the models is carried out in the respective factories which are essentially assembly points. This means that General Motors gets its raw materials for manufacture of cars from various suppliers. In addition to manufacturing, General Motors has contracted various dealers. The supply chain also involves a service department where servicing of cars and repairs are done (Thompson Reuters, 2012). The repair is facilitated using only General Motors parts. This forms another arm of manufacture which deals with manufacture of General Motors parts. The dealers who facilitate repairs are given authorization under its warranty program. General Motors has many subsidiary companies spread around the world for distribution and repair purposes. For instance, ONSTAR is a subsidiary of General Motors situated in the United States, Canada and China. It offers servicing on connected safety, security, mobility solutions and information technology solutions for General Motors. It offers services such as crash response, stolen vehicle assistance, remote door unlock, turn by turn navigation, vehicle diagnostics and hands free calling (Thompson Reuters, 2012). The primary distributors of General Motors cars are independent authorized dealers. In addition, General Motors financial gives credits to its customers thus earning a charge on the credit (Thompson Reuters, 2012). It also offers to lease products in contract of cars and facilitates large sales through offering credits to leasing companies and car hires. The automobile industry has a long supply chain ranging from supply of different parts to make up the components of the car. This part of supply chain is usually large because cars have up to one hundred of different components. If each component is supplied by a different contract, then one hundred suppliers are needed. The assembly point may also involve different companies or arms of a company because different models of cars are assembled differently. Some parts are also assembled differently than others which may necessitate at times having different assembly points. On manufacturing, many services, such as painting, may be outs ourced so as to save time and cost of production. The supply chain of vehicles becomes even larger with distributors because the product is shipped to different locations of the world to satisfy the customer needs. Lastly, the supply chain ends with the consumers who are either custom-made car buyers or general model car buyers. Issues affecting supply chain in automobile production One of the key issues affecting automobile supply chain is dynamism in the industry itself. Global competition has rocked the industry, and each company and supply chain compete to reduce its operating costs thus increasing profit (Fine, Claire, Lafrance, 1996). For instance, the supply chain in the United States has received great competition from Japanese automakers. This has led to demanding that workers who get automobile jobs are not unionized. The result has been cutting down of workers thus many have lost their jobs as a result of global competition. The industry, especially in the United States, has reduced its capacity due to emerging supply chains including the Indian supply chain in automobiles. In automobile supply chain most products and services are outsourced and this has made supply chains to reduce their capacity considerably. This has also occasioned downsizing in the labor department. The industry has also increased productivity thus requiring fewer workers to mee t the set targets. Loss of income has been a major source of outrage for those who sacked from their jobs. Due to experience, the workers left in the supply chain are old and weak thus making the flow of ideas dormant or redundant. This is a source of concern for the industry because creativity has to be outsourced, too. According to a previous research, the United States automobile industry does not enjoy cooperative labor relations (Fine, Claire, Lafrance, 1996). This is because the United States government does not recognize non-union relationships between employer and employee. For unionized employees, the law limits reforms in the workplace in collective bargain contracts. The management of industry companies is against the unionization of members because they get more power to be heard and better paid. This disagreement limits full participation of employees towards the well being of the industry. The management of industry companies is under pressure to downsize due to the economic structure of the world. The economic pressures also require cost controls to be put into effect and necessitate outsourcing of services. In addition to human resource issues in the industry, the industry is unable to unite wages for employees across the supply chain (Fine, Claire, Lafrance, 1996). This is because the manufacturing companies pay more to their workers, while in the same industry suppliers pay their workers much less. This disunity between wages affects the productivity of workers and discourages them from attaining the set goals of the industry. The supply chain sector in the automobile industry experiences relationship problems between the manufacturers and the distributors (Fine, Claire, Lafrance, 1996). This is because the approach method in cost reduction determines the amount of information flow between the supplier and manufacturer and between the manufacturer and distributor. Some companies mploy partnership method of negotiation where they invite the supplier to reduce costs in other ways and split the profits with the manufacturers. This is mostly used when the manufacturer wants to reassure contract renewal for the supplier on expiry. Other companies use the arms length relationship with suppliers thus always trying to force suppliers to cut direct cost of supply to the manufacturers. This reduces the profit margin of the suppliers and creates a minimal flow of information between the parties. This type of relationship is mostly used for mass production of cars for companies that are established in the industry. L ack of understanding in the industry leads to wrong choice of relationship thus affecting productivity. These two kinds of relationships when handled irresponsibly can create a barrier between the manufacturers and suppliers which is not good for business. The United States suppliers to the auto industry have slow adoption of innovative human resource practices. According to the research done on employee participation in supply firms in the sector, thirty eight percent (38%) of managers said they did not know how many suggestions employees had made that year. This lack of recognition of innovative talent by suppliers suppresses growth of the industry and the individual companies. The supply chain management is also an issue for the supply chain sector in automobile production. This is because the policies guiding supply tendering requirement are not universal among the companies. Issues affecting General Motors company in automobile production General Motors relationship with suppliers is not smooth because the suppliers are not happy with its policies on tender of supplies. This is because General Motors requires suppliers to tender their quote documents together with technical information of the product and its manufacture without claim of confidentiality (Thompson Reuters, 2012). This discourages some suppliers from offering their technology to the company. This shows that management of the supply chain in General Motors does not foster good relationship between suppliers and the company. The distribution sector of the General Motors cars is very dynamic because the distributors are influenced by the trends of the consumers (Our Company, 2012). The distribution of cars for General Motors is done by contracted individual dealers who are not focused on the manufacturer but rather on the consumer feelings and needs. This means that dealers of General Motors can be swayed by demand from consumers to sell less of General Motors cars and more cars from a competitor who has introduced a new product to the market. For this reason manufacturers like General Motors are always listening to their dealers for new technology requirement by the customers. Production of cars by General Motors may be influenced greatly by distributors who seek only to satisfy customer needs without understanding the cost implications of new technology production. The company also grapples with inventory control which requires observation and foretelling the behavior of the market data companies, transportation companies and other outsourced service companies (Fine, Claire Lafrance, 1996). The General Motors is required to study its service providers and tune them through incentives to act in the market in behavior favorable and profitable to General Motors. This is not an easy task because the list of service providers may be too long where some of the service providers are not contracted directly by General Motors but through another service company. This poses problems between the management and service providers. In the past General Motors focused on mass production of cars for profit making. With increased competition and variety of cars, the company has introduced a custom made section and integrated lean production with mass production strategies. This does not always work for the company because in the past some companies owned by General Motors had to be closed down for running losses. General Motors lacks the management and control staffs committed to cost reduction and production improve. General Motors Company faces the challenge of defect reduction in the manufacturing process (Our Company, 2012). This is costly for General Motors as it always requires the company to adopt the mass production and arms length relationship with suppliers to make their profit mark. Dealers for General Motors are partly or fully owned by the companies. The going price of vehicles at these outlets is usually lower than other dealers prices. This discourages other dealers from dealing with General Motors cars. As a listed company in the United States stocks exchange, General Motors experiences effect of economic crisis in the country (Thompson Reuters, 2012). This is because trading of General Motors shares depends on how well it performs in the distribution sector and ultimately the sale volume it makes. Finally, like all other auto companies in the United States, the General Motors faces challenges such as reduction of quantity of work in production of vehicles, reduction of resources needed to produce and sell a car and reduction of overhead running costs of the company. In some instances General Motors experiences lack of cooperation between manufacturing factories under its ownership. Some dealers for General Motors are single line dealers meaning they sell only General Motors cars. In such cases, the dealers though independent, adopt the name General Motors in their respective places in the world so as to gain ground for sales. Boardroom wrangles in the dealer companies reflect badly on the image of General Motors and plummets sales of General Motors cars. How supply chains in auto industry deal with such issues The supply chains in the industry adopt a hybrid system of production and control by combining lean production and mass production systems. Mass production increases the volume of cars available to consumers and increases chances of consumers buying such vehicles (Fine, Claire Lafrance, 1996). On the other hand, lean production makes sure that economic pressures for downsizing and outsourcing are adhered to. It is important for companies of the auto making industry to improve their chances of making profit to ensure their survival. Supply chain in automobiles industry rehires workers who have been laid off during increased production years. They also encourage workers to be unionized because union comes with encouragement to work better. In the long run the companies have realized that unionized workers are more profitable than non-unionized members. This is because they know that their interests and grievances are heard by the companies. Unionized workers involve themselves with advancement of the companies and area creative a virtue necessary for automobile manufacturing. In some cases companies in the supply chain of automobiles have adopted a partnership kind of management to appease their workers. The partnership is between union representative and company management (Fine, Claire Lafrance, 1996). This allows the workers to feel secure in their livelihood with the knowledge that they cant be laid off without a cause. According to researches, a company in a chain that allows unionization of members leaps more profit than companies which do not. Supply chains also discuss salaries across the board to ensure that all workers are paid according to their education and level of employment. They also take measures to ensure that all workers whether in manufacturing or in distribution at the same level of employment are paid approximately the same. This is by ensuring that basic salary is unified across the chain. Other benefits are earned according to the state law provisions and company goals achievement policies. Companies in the supply of cars listen to their employees because through their employees they come up with the designs of new models. According to researches, innovations suggested by the employees are implemented at a level of fifty percent (50%) (Fine, Claire Lafrance, 1996). This is a good sign of improvement of relationship between employers and employees. Supply chains in automobile production realize that man cannot be fully replaced with technology because human supervision in production is necessary. The logic behind this is because end product is made to be consumed by people thus it is necessary that a person in supervision is satisfied with production before it goes into the market. Due to change there is global economic structure, companies in the automotive industry realign their management protocols and reconfigure their relationship structures. Most companies in hybrid system of production use partnership agreement and relationships to promote their well being (Fine, Claire Lafrance, 1996). They invite their suppliers to cut cost in other ways and enjoy the profits together with the manufacturing companies. The arms length kind of relationships between manufacturers and suppliers are discouraged because they cut the profit margins of the suppliers. This eliminates the threat of receiving substandard parts and/ or assembly of cars. Moreover, the governments around the world are making policies that allow employees to choose their mode of employment. This is because they have realized that setting employees free to choose their mode of employment is profitable to companies and the state at large. Restrictions in the law of labor are mostly lifted by the gover nment although some form of limitation is present to guarantee the wellbeing of employees and to ensure they are not over-exploited by profit minded companies. Handling issues in general motors General Motors tendering policies have changed a little bit but remain rather oppressive to suppliers. This is because it is one of the largest companies in the United States with complete holding so it has stocks in most General Motors subsidiaries scattered all over the world. However, it does not use technology or innovation credited to another company without obtaining full rights. The General Motors Company tries to avoid legal action against the use of unauthorized technology because such action can disillusion the consumers. They would like to buy and understand a technology before using it when making of their vehicles. He reassures consumers that safety and security of cars is guaranteed. According to researches, listening to distributors in the production of cars is more profitable than ignoring them. This is however tricky because some customer demands are impractical. General Motors listens to the needs of consumers through conducting primary researches and through its operations and relationships with distributors (Our Company, 2012). Through fully owned distributors General Motors ascertains demands of the customers and the practicality of such demands. If demands are too high for mass production, the company uses custom-made wings of its operations to satisfy the needs of such customers. Custom-made cars are expensive but built to the demands of the customer. This allows the company to capture interest of people of the society who can spend money on specific qualities of the car. The arrangement also makes sure that normal production of standardized models is not interrupted by custom orders. The arrangement also makes certain that time and cost savings in produ ction is optimized. The control unit in management of General Motors is still wanting in most cases. However, General Motors in recent years have taken the initiative to reduce wastage and improve on production (Fine, Claire Lafrance, 1996). This is done by training their staff members involved in control and measurement of products. This makes sure that managers know effective ways to stimulate workers towards reduction of damages and wastages during production. The company uses all modes of production systems in the different manufacturing factories across the world. In some cases General Motors uses mass production where profits depend on the volume of cars sold. In such areas quality control is mostly important because wastage should be reduced while saving cost on supply of materials cost. In other cases the company uses hybrid system where control and quality of cars is paramount. Cost reduction is a result of direct haggling and incentive to the suppliers. Lean production is adopted in the Gener al Motors factories where cost cutting depends on the relationship between General Motors and suppliers. This is seen mostly in areas where competition is too high for suppliers and assured contracts lead to discounts. General Motors sells its products through independent dealers who are authorized to deal in General Motors cars (Thompson Reuters, 2012). To appease and retain good relationships between the distributors and General Motors, wholly or partially owned dealers sell its products at the same price as independent dealers. The freedom on whether to allow haggling or not is left for each individual dealers whether owned by General Motors or not to decide. In cases where General Motors allows dealers to use the brand name of General Motors, policies dictate that such dealers sell only General Motors cars and that a representative of General Motors is to be present in the board meetings to assess the relationship of board members with each other. The representative makes certain that well-being of General Motors is paramount to such dealers. They also control damage effect by wrangles preventing it from hurting General Motors manufacturers. General Motors also increases its profit margin through diversification of production in production of a wide range of models and car parts. Some car models are made in one region while not sold in another to cut cost in production. Conclusion Supply chain management plays a very significant role towards success of a business and bringing about satisfaction to customers. Besides providing the link between manufacturers and consumers, supply chain management helps in checking costs, increasing sales volume which results to maximized profits. The paper addressed the assembly and distribution process within the General Motors automobile supply chain. It has shown how General Motors has established itself in distribution of its products in addition to provision of value added services to its customers upon buying their vehicles. However, the company outsources some of the services such as paintings so as to reduce the cost of production. The article has also found out that the main issue that affects the automobile industry is dynamism in the market. Global completion has greatly increased thereby forcing companies to apply various cost cutting measures so as to remain afloat and at the same time competitive in the market. As a result, supply chains have embarked on strategies to deal with those issues. More specifically, the paper has shown how General Motors has done to deal with the issues affecting it in its supply chain business. It has been established that distributors in General Motors play a vital role as far as success of the firm is concerned. The company has a wide network of distributors and dealers throughout the world, who help in distribution of its products to customers around the globe. They provide the link between customers and the firm. Consequently, the company is able to serve its customers better. Buy custom Issues Affecting Supply Chain of Cars and Assembly Company essay

Conjugating Apparaître (to Appear)

Conjugating Apparaà ®tre (to Appear) As you learn French, you quickly come to understand that the conjugating of verbs is a major part of the language. Its important to learn how to do this and verbs like  apparaà ®tre  are good practice for your studies. Meaning to appear,  apparaà ®tre  is an irregular verb so it can be a bit tricky. This lesson will show you how to conjugate it. Conjugating the French Verb  Apparaà ®tre There are times when conjugating French verbs is easy and times when its a little tougher.  Apparaà ®tre  falls into the latter category because it does not follow the patterns of regular verbs. Yet, there is a pattern here and it follows through with almost all other  French verbs ending  in  -aà ®tre.  This means that once you study  apparaà ®tre, you can move on to similar irregular verbs. When conjugating  apparaà ®tre, you will need to match the subject pronoun the I, you, we, etc. or in French,  j, tu, nous   with the tense needed for the sentence. This chart will help with that. For instance, to translate I appear, you will say japparais or for we will appear, you will use nous apparaà ®trons. Subject Present Future Imperfect j' apparais apparaà ®trai apparaissais tu apparais apparaà ®tras apparaissais il apparaà ®t apparaà ®tra apparaissait nous apparaissons apparaà ®trons apparaissions vous apparaissez apparaà ®trez apparaissiez ils apparaissent apparaà ®tront apparaissaient The Present Participle of  Apparaà ®tre   When you give  apparaà ®tre  an -ant  ending, you will be using the present participle. It can be used as a verb, but also an adjective, gerund, and noun when needed.  The  present participle  of  apparaà ®tre is  apparaissant.   The Past Tense of  Apparaà ®tre   You can use the imperfect to express having appeared in the past, but its more common (and easier) to use the  passà © composà ©. This allows you to use a single past participle for every subject, no matter if its I appeared or we appeared. The catch to this is that you have to conjugate and use the  auxiliary verb  for apparaà ®tre, which is  avoir.  The  past participle  of apparaà ®tre  is  apparu. To put these together, you will say jai  apparu for I appeared. More Conjugations of  Apparaà ®tre   Those are not the only conjugations associated with  apparaà ®tre. While you should be aware of them, the passà © simple and imperfect subjunctive are used in formal writing. The subjunctive and conditional forms of  apparaà ®tre  are a little more important. You will use the subjunctive when the verb mood implies uncertainty and the conditional when it may or may not be depending on conditions. Subject Subjunctive Conditional Passà © Simple Imperfect Subjunctive j' apparaisse apparaà ®trais apparus apparusse tu apparaisses apparaà ®trais apparus apparusses il apparaisse apparaà ®trait apparut apparà »t nous apparaissions apparaà ®trions apparà »mes apparussions vous apparaissiez apparaà ®triez apparà »tes apparussiez ils apparaissent apparaà ®traient apparurent apparussent The final conjugation for  apparaà ®tre  is the imperative. This verb mood allows you to drop the subject pronoun and use only the verb form. It applies to the  tu, nous,  and  vous  uses, so instead of nous apparaissons, you can just say apparaissons. Imperative (tu) apparais (nous) apparaissons (vous) apparaissez The Pattern to Conjugating -aà ®tre  Verbs With one exception, all  French verbs  that end in  -aà ®tre  are conjugated the same way as  apparaà ®tre.  Compare the conjugations above to those for  disparaà ®tre  (to disappear) and  paraà ®tre  (to seem) and you will see the similarities. These same rules apply to the following verbs: comparaà ®tre  - to appear in courtconnaà ®tre  - to know, be familiar withmà ©connaà ®tre  - to be unaware ofreconnaà ®tre  -  to recognizereparaà ®tre  - to reappeartransparaà ®tre  - to show through The exception to the pattern is  naà ®tre, which means to be born. You will have to memorize that one on its own.

Procedural justice versus substantive justice Research Paper

Procedural justice versus substantive justice - Research Paper Example Substantive justice follows laws that define, regulate and create the obligations of certain parties, which should be carried or no carried out towards others meaning that this form of justice falls under the cause of action, but not proactive. This is such that individuals bring forth their issues to the bodies charged with the responsibility to safeguard and ensure that the obligations set for the people are followed. As such, substantive justice ensures and creates opportunities for people whose rights have been violated to present their grievances, but not to prevent this violation. Thus, it serves as a form of punitive measure to see to it that those who fail to honor their part of the bargain in relation to following a defined code and obligation face justice (Sandefur, n.d). Substantive justice applies mainly in the issue of rights, where there remains controversy as to how one can define rights under a justice system, since its origin lies in the term â€Å"due process of th e law.† Following this development in substantive justice, it is applied in the issue of rights, as a distinct characteristic in rights does not appear in other forms of law or justice. In rights, they are defined and one is obliged to pay attention to them lest they end up violating their own rights or even those of others. Substantive justice, therefore, sets guidelines within which one conducts oneself and binds one actions to the consequences. Based on the history of substantive justice as the due process of the law, guidelines ensure that there exists a definition of terms or procedures through which one must go through in order for certain events to take place. Substantive justice also sets the circumstances under which things are done and failure to which certain consequences are issued, as it provides a diverse framework, which creates the conditions that people relate to each other and how people relate with the government. It also sets out how an individual is respon sible for everything that he or she engages in, as substantive justice offers definitions , regulations and obligations to govern the above said relationships. To build more on the relationships between people and the government, it is important to look into the role of substantive justice in seeing to it that the government carries out its responsibilities or obligations. Concerning this, substantive justice creates a clear distinction between valid laws and invalid ones, which acts as a means of discerning, that which is rights and that which is wrong according to the actions of the government towards its people. Substantive justice calls for a clear definition of these standards, where those charged with the responsibility of justice are bound to come up with standards of generality, regularity, fairness, rationality and public orientation. The above is meant to apply to the activities of the people towards each other and the government towards its people, as well as the people t owards governance, which is a form of prohibition of abuse of power against the people by the government and the people towards the government (Sandefur, n.d). This is due to the high possibility of using public interests for personal gain or ends, which is common in an arbitral nature of the law, and that explains the role of substantive justice. One of the benefits of this law is its definitive nature, where it sets clear stipulations against

Debt Administration Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Debt Administration - Assignment Example higher interest rate than a municipal bond rated Aa.This is because, according to Moody’s rating ,a bond rated Aa has shows that credit worthiness of the issuer is high hence the issuer will have to pay less interest on the debt being issued, as opposed to a municipal bond rated Baa which are judged to be of medium grade and subject to moderate credit risk, meaning that credit worthiness of the issuer is somewhat good, but not as good as that of the one rated Aa.Municipalities with lower bond ratings ought to pay more interest on debt being issued to compensate for the greater perceived risk associated with the lower rating. Revenue bonds offer higher interest rates than general obligation bonds. This is because, they are somewhat riskier than general obligation bonds as they only rely on the revenue expected to be generated by the facility being built and secured by a specified source of revenue. The general obligation bonds are backed by the full faith and credit of the issuing government and its taxing power, making it less risky thus offering the lowest yields. A general obligation bond rated Aa issued by a city. This it is riskier than that issued by the county as it relies on few projects for its repayment. General obligation bonds issued by a county are less risky because they are secured by the county government hence less interest rate on the debt being issued, meaning less returns to the investor. A municipal bond with maturity in 20 years will attract high interest because the longer the credit period, the riskier the debt. This is due to the fact that the future is unknown and the longer the maturity period the higher the risk, hence the issuer has to pay higher interest to compensate for the risk being

B200 TMA02-1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

B200 TMA02-1 - Essay Example decades as the cartelization of the oil markets is often viewed as a failure of market forces since prices and output are heavily influenced by the cartel leaving aside the market forces to determine the correct demand and supply of oil in the international market. OPEC- Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries- is the name which is given to the cartel of oil producing countries in Middle East in a bid to control the oil production as well as regulation the oil prices. This formation of cartels is therefore, often viewed as one of the reasons for failure of market forces at work because by not letting a market to determine the demand and supply, such actions create disequilibrium into markets. Therefore, markets are more prone to external shocks causing them not to function in their most appropriate way. Neoliberalism is the basic fundamental philosophy which advocates the lesser role of governments or other external agencies in regulating the market and emphasize giving a chance to the market forces to work for the greater good of the society. Due to this philosophical drive, most of the developed countries in the world including US and UK shifted their policy framework in a way which advocated the use of market forces as the lone regulator of the market without much intervention from the State. There were reasons behind this shift into the policy response from the developed world because of the increasing external shocks experienced by the developed countries, especially from oil embargo by oil producing countries from Gulf Region. Behind the neoliberalism also lies the fact that market forces are considered as the best regulators of the price mechanism within an economy by correctly and efficiently pricing the demand and supply and secondly, this mechanism brings in more efficiency into the system. However, any distortion in this mechanism can lead to the inefficient employment of resources hence the economy may not work at the full employment

First Language Acquisition Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

First Language Acquisition - Literature review Example s of language acquisition illustrate that imitation is not sufficient to understand first language and use it flawlessly within the short time that children manage to expend while learning it. According to Hauser (2000, p352) imitation is neither applicable in other primates in experimental learning of simple learning following instructions. This illustrates the complexity of language learning, a fact that underscores the structured nature of the process of first language acquisition in early childhood. Another key fact witnessed in the process followed in early childhood during the acquisition of first language involves production of sounds by the baby, despite the fact that they never heard them before. Pardo, Piorkowski, Remez and Rubin (2001, p.25) observe that different qualities of sound require specialized production which cannot simply originate from imitated actions. The authors further enumerate the role of non-speech communication learnt by children as an important reference point that imitation must not take the whole concept of language acquisition, which is complex than that. This fact underscores the high neurological involvement of the human learning process, best done during early stages of development. Involving language in this category of learning processes shows that communication is part of the innate social attributes that human beings possess, with language acting as a highly specialized indicator of high-end species organization (Chomsky, Fitch and Hauser 2 002, p570). A different perspective on the facts of acquisition of language highlights the issue of competence and performance, where children demonstrate impeccable acquisition of understanding before practicing. According to Chomsky (2000, p77) initial language usage does not necessarily correspond with understanding of issues, which could hinder communication. The author bases theories of competence on the principle that language is more of an expression of inner monologue among

Medical Malpractice Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Medical Malpractice - Case Study Example Because we conclude that it is, we reverse and remand. A certain Doris Penrod filed an appeal to the court from a take nothing judgment in favor of David R. Schecter based from a medical malpractice claim. It was in August 2003 that she took her grandmother to a cataract surgery with Dr. Schecter. During the injection process, a small retrobullar hemorrhage occurred that can potentially cause damage to the optic nerve, if there is continued bleeding. After 15 minutes of observation, the RBH did not change; also, there were no swellings in the eyelids, no proptosis and eye discoloration. However, despite these, the surgery was cancelled to prevent any further complications. An eye patch was placed on the observed eye and the patient was discharged, yet after 25 minutes redness was observed around the patch and a large hemorrhage occurred around the eye. Immediately that afternoon, Jessica (Doris Penrod’s granddaughter) called Dr. Schecter (as advised by the doctor himself) but he refused to get the call and at the same time failed Tyenol 3 to the patient, otherwise Dr. Schecter could easily tell them to bring the patient to the hospital. The following day, a visit was paid by both Jessica and Penrod to Dr. Schecter and it was determined that the damaged eye have no vision, though it was able to perceive light. A week later, no vision was still present and the same situation continued until three weeks. Dr. Scheter advised them to see Dr. Roy Levit (a specialist) and it as found out that there was not muscular or retinal damage but a severe ischemic atrophy was diagnosed. Dr, Levit pointed out that the possible cause of this damage is the toxicity from the injection. The jury found out that the negligence of Dr. Schecter was not the proximate cause. Penrod on the other hand filed the complaint together with new and independent cause based that the proximate cause instructions was erroneous. Dr, Schecter pointed out that the error presented by the

First Language Acquisition Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

First Language Acquisition - Literature review Example s of language acquisition illustrate that imitation is not sufficient to understand first language and use it flawlessly within the short time that children manage to expend while learning it. According to Hauser (2000, p352) imitation is neither applicable in other primates in experimental learning of simple learning following instructions. This illustrates the complexity of language learning, a fact that underscores the structured nature of the process of first language acquisition in early childhood. Another key fact witnessed in the process followed in early childhood during the acquisition of first language involves production of sounds by the baby, despite the fact that they never heard them before. Pardo, Piorkowski, Remez and Rubin (2001, p.25) observe that different qualities of sound require specialized production which cannot simply originate from imitated actions. The authors further enumerate the role of non-speech communication learnt by children as an important reference point that imitation must not take the whole concept of language acquisition, which is complex than that. This fact underscores the high neurological involvement of the human learning process, best done during early stages of development. Involving language in this category of learning processes shows that communication is part of the innate social attributes that human beings possess, with language acting as a highly specialized indicator of high-end species organization (Chomsky, Fitch and Hauser 2 002, p570). A different perspective on the facts of acquisition of language highlights the issue of competence and performance, where children demonstrate impeccable acquisition of understanding before practicing. According to Chomsky (2000, p77) initial language usage does not necessarily correspond with understanding of issues, which could hinder communication. The author bases theories of competence on the principle that language is more of an expression of inner monologue among

Interpreting different cultures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Interpreting different cultures - Essay Example meaning of this statement is that the differences that people living a certain place have makes them unique in their various ways, similar to those living in another place. When people come together they can exchange this ideas, thus learn how to treasure and value each other. According to Louis Dumont, the oneness that has to exist in the different human societies does not often require reducing the diversity to that of unity. The people living in a certain place or culture need to have a common language, which plays an essential role towards passing that culture from one generation to another. One of the things that can be critical towards ensuring the success of the different human cultures is developing an effective understanding of these cultures. This understanding is important since it helps in the preservation of those cultures for other people to learn from them. In this regard, the society needs to created special institutions in which people’s cultural differences can be understood effectively. This paper examines the importance of the differences existing in human cultures focusing on ways of understanding these cultures in the most effective way. It focuses on the views and perspectives provided by Richard Shweder’s and Geertz’s views in their â€Å"Culture Theory† and â€Å"The Interpretation of Culture† respectively. Culture, as an independent term has often been given different meanings. To some people, culture can be described as the appreciation of the different art, food, literature and music among others (Gannon & Rajnandini,  2010). To biologists and other researchers in this field; it simply means a colony of microorganisms and other kinds of bacteria that grow in a special kind of nutrient medium specially kept in a Petri dish in the laboratory. For behavioral scientists and anthropologists, culture is interpreted as the broad range of various learned human actions and other behavioral patterns. In this regard, culture is taken to

The Customers Revenge Essay Example for Free

The Customers Revenge Essay There is no better way to solve this kind of problems, than to look from the consumers’ perspective. Almost everybody has been in such a position once in their life, waiting and long talks on the phone with the service center with at the end zero result. A lot of people say: the customer is always right; you should treat each with care. This sounds very reasonable, but is it too hard to manage? It is a fact that how bigger the institution gets, the greater diverse costs will be and therefore the greater the risk to fail. A big company can lose more compared to a small company. That’s why a big institution should handle careful. The problem in this case is that there are dissatisfied customers. How can we make sure that these customers won’t take away your (future) customers? And which customers are just naggers or really worth listening to? Advertising is a well-known way to communicate with the (potential) customers. Another way to get more publicity as a company is Word of Mouth. This type of marketing is the most fast and cheapest way to attract more customers (unless it is not negative Word of Mouth). Happy customer results in positive Word of Mouth. This makes a good Customer Relationship Management system important in an institution. In every company there are customers who are dissatisfied. This is off course possible, because you as a company can’t fulfill everybody’s wishes and desires. It is important how you treat this dissatisfaction. If you as a company give bad customer service, it can lead to angry customers. Negative Word of Mouth is the least thing you want. Word of Mouth can especially be spread fast by customers who has a big influence in the society (for example celebrities, reviewers etc). Atida can maybe order its type of customers to know which customers can either break them or make them real quick. It cost a lot of time to assemble information of the customers, but this information is helpful for the duration of the individual consumer cycle. It also shows that Atida cares about its customers. The same can be done with the type of complaints. The call-center workers can order the type of dissatisfaction, so the company has a clear picture what they could do better. The CEO could then focus on the main problems and try to improve the business. A reason for outsourcing the call-center department to another company in Bangalore is to reduce costs and call-waiting times. Also they wanted to standardize and streamline the customer service. When you outsource a part of your company, you must be sure that they are doing a good job. When they are not, the name of the company itself will be dragged down. Therefore, it is very important that everybody who owns a position in Atida, should also be representative. A good way to do this is to give training to the workers in Bangalore. Those training can teach them how to deal properly with customers who are dissatisfied. Another option is to get the call center department back to Atida’s headquarter. The costs for the training should be compared to the difference of labor costs. Concluded, it is important that Atida provide good customer service. The customers are the ones you want to please and therefore are important to listen to.

Rural Cinema Marketing Management Report

Rural Cinema Marketing Management Report This report is based on an organisational scenario which addresses and offer solution to the task. As a Marketing Consultant who works for Cine-Marketing Limited I have provided some observations and suggestions to the current situation on this report which requires knowledge, research and investigation the market for the Plaza cinema. The Plaza is the cinema which located in rural area of Elderwood in UK. Barry Champion is the current owner of the cinema. Before Barry purchase the cinema was owned with someone else. When Barry Champion purchase that cinema it was in bad condition so as the Market Consultant decided to advice Barry Champion to use possible target marketing in terms of advance his Future Plaza cinema. Plaza Cinema Business In order for any business to be successful, one to needs very much to invest or put a lot of effort in marketing. Through Marketing, one can understand the market of his/her business so that business can run smooth due to good sales. So, any good marketing plan will lead to a good business. For Barry Champion to be successful in his business, he needs to set very strategic marketing implication. Implications are ideas or suggestions that Barry needs to his Cinema business to be successful. The following represents the marketing implications Barry Champion should consider in opening and developing his newly acquired cinema business. Target Marketing Barry should stay alert to trends which might impact his business market. For instance the environment of parking area was sucking, so he should be carefully with such trends which might cause some effects to his business. Also Barry should collect details about their competitors. Once manages to do these will help him on his new business successful. Perhaps it will help him to know what their competitors luck so that for him can increase the services. Barry should read the market research on what their consumer wants. And which groups suppose to deal with, the one s who are working or children. Product Development Quite often businesses in this particular industry want to develop a brand personality. Here Barry should create a difference services or product which will match with this cinema business, it can be a restaurant. So that before customer starts to watch movie they can go and buy some few drinks, instead of coming with their own foods from home. Moreover offer a cheaper entrance fees. Due to small amount of entrance it will attract more customers coming and watch the movie. Barry should also update his services. He must improvement the services like enlarge parking area and other minor innovation which will establish the product. Introduce new things every time and also he can change the theatre to look more attractive. Increase of the patrons seats and renovate the foyer. PLACE Here Barry champion can renovate his cinema product. He can renovate the cinema hall the building the parking areas. Also to create the auditoriums in good way and arranging of the chairs. SALES PROMOTION Barry should use this method to promote his new business, because for any activity undertaken by an organization to promote an increase in sales, usage or trial of a product or service may include an advertising campaign, a free-sample campaign, offering free gifts or trading stamps. There are two basic promotion strategies which Barry Champion should consider in a new cinema, PUSH and PULL Strategies. The PUSH STRATEGY Barry can apply this method to maximize the use of all available channels of distribution to for his business. This generally require tightfisted discounts to achieve the objective of giving the channels incentive to promote the offering, thus can reduce his needs for advertising. The PULL STRATEGY Support the purchase frequently requires direct interface with the end user of the offering. So Barry once use of these channels of distribution is minimizing during the first stages of promotion and a major commitment to advertising is required. The plaza cinema adverts will definitely increase. Methods of sales promotion There are many customer sales promotional techniques available for a new cinema promoted. Price discount Evaluate his fee structure; Barry can look on different cinema the way payment is done. He also introduce credit card to attract more customers who do like to carry money. Barry must also lookout against the possible negative outcome of discounting on a brands reputation. Coupons For cinema, coupons are another very flexible way of offering a discount in a new Plaza cinema. The key purpose with a coupon is to maximize the downfall rate of tickets; this is the proportion of customers actually using the coupon. Use of coupon promotions is, therefore, often best for new products or perhaps to encourage sales of obtainable products that are slowing down. ADVERTISING Perhaps Here Barry champion need to do some research on which the advertisement he will based on product or service. Thus, an advertising plan for one product Services might be very different than that for another product or services. Clearly in this new business we can use different ways of advertising in order to create awareness within the society. Barry can do his advertisement during the peak seasons. This is the best time to capture more customers. He can also promote his business jointly with other professional. So that he Bringing a product (or service) to the attention of potential and current customers Barry can use the media. The commercial breaks are shown in breaks of about two minutes which occur in roughly minutes or more. So we can use this break effectively to advertise the new cinema. Here we can reach different type of people. Newspaper and magazine, can also be advertise especially for elders. Most of them are the one who interested in reading newspaper and magazine. Barry can create a Posters or magazine for more attraction. Use this method because the cinema is in rural so it will be much better to advertise more the cinema in those posters. This poster is designed to be posted in some public area for the purpose of eye catching and also to pass the information. He can use magazine to attract older customer. Because this customer preferred reading magazine. Billboards provide support and also attraction towards the customer. Barry should put some billboards more in different place especially towns, because there so many activities in that place. Hence will help to advertise the new cinemas in Elderwood, it is much easier to use such tool as new movies are out every now and then. Can also put some movies which will be shown in cinema. MEDIA RELATION Plaza cinema should be advanced in media relation like radios, television, and magazine. Barry updates his media list often so that once press releases are sent to the right media and outlets. He can also write a column in local business paper so that can create awareness toward consumer Also he can create an annual award and publicity it. This will help him to capture more customers, because everyone wants to be the winner. Moreover Barry Champion can create his own talk show so that he appears on Television different time. Here can create own TVs program then show it to local cable stations. PRICING Barry should consider the pricing strategy. A pricing strategy is mostly influenced by your requirement for net income and your objectives for long term market control. There are two basic strategies which Barry should consider in his new plaza cinema. SKIMMING PRICING Plaza cinema is new business in a new environment so this strategy will probably work. Barry can start with high prices high, as a new cinema can use this approach. Perhaps, people are not aware of the cinema business in this environment. So its easy to attract more people. He can also introduce some new movies like Avatar; this will attract customers more attend without considering the price. PRICING PENETRATION Barry can apply this for his cinema Business. It is most often used businesses wishing to enter a new market or build on a relatively small market share here Barry can set the prices very low. For a new Elder wood cinema this strategy is very suitable. The strategy works on the expectation that customers will switch to the new brand because of the lower price. TASK 2 Purchasing Behavior some purchasing situations are characterized by low involvement but significant brand difference. Consumer often has ability of brand switching; the consumer will try to look on different cinema and try to compare the Quality of place, the offering price and coupons. Before he or she make a decision to purchase. Decision making unit is a group of employees, family members, consumers or members of any type of organization responsible for finalizing their major decisions, usually involving a purchase. So once Barry understands this Decision making unit it will be easy for him to gather and obtain the information concerning his cinema business. Barry needs to able to deeply analyze the decision making process of his current customers and those who used to attend his newly acquired business and improve it to his best ability so that he can be consistent with it. Its good for Barry champion to understand this Decision making Unit involved in the purchase. In a generic sense, there are typically six roles within any buying center that will affect purchasing decision making for customers in a positive way. They are:- INITIATORS: is the person who first suggested or request of the idea to purchase the particular product or services. INFLUENCERS: Are the people who influence buying decision. They often help define design and also provide information or they try to affect the outcome decision with their opinions. DECIDERS: the people who decide on product requirement or on suppliers. BUYERS: are the people who have formal authority to select the supplier and arrange the purchase terms. END USER: those who will use the product or services being purchased. Decision Making Process is the procedure by which consumers collect and analyze information and make choices among alternatives goods, services, people, places and ideas. THE DIAGRAM EXPLAINING THE DECISION MAKING PROCESS The Making decision processes consist of five basic stages: problem awareness, information search, evaluation of alternatives, purchase and post purchase evolution. The model implies that consumer pass through all stages in every purchase. However, in more routine purchases, consumers often skip or reverse some of the stages. The buying process starts with needs recognition. At this stage, the buyer recognizes a problem or need. For instance buyer needs to watch movie, he or she first needs to know what kind of movie he/she want to watch. So he or she needs to observe the type of the movie she or he wants to watch. Then after a consumer decides a shortage desire is worth consideration, information is gathered. Information search requires listing alternatives that will solves the problem. If the need is strong and there is a product or service that meets the need close to hand, then a purchase decision is likely to be made there and then. If not, then the process of information search begins. A customer can obtain information from several sources: Personal sources, family, friends, and neighbors here a word of mouth is necessary. Clearly he/she goes to ask about the plaza cinema and what type of movie she wants to watch. Public: mass media like magazine, radio, television, consumer organization if is available and so forth. Most of the time consumer receive information from public source but in this case is quite different consumer get information from personal source. The usefulness and influence of these sources of information will vary by product and by customer. Research suggests that customers value and respect personal sources more than commercial sources or the word of mouth. The challenge for the marketing team is to identify which information sources are most influential in their target markets. Evaluation stage: one alternative from the choices. This is easy when one alternative is clearly superior to the others. The consumer decides to go to plaza cinema thats it. But he or she will come across all characteristics of a plaza cinema services, and start to evaluate it with good quality, and low price which plaza cinema has all the quality. Often the stage is not that simple, and consumer must be carefully in evaluation of alternatives before making a decision. The consumer must consider some features before he or she make decision. Such features are quality of the cinema, price, safety here will look on the security of the plaza cinema and the status of the place. Another stage is Purchase; here the customer is ready for the purchasing. Payment is paid either cash or credit. The consumer will make payment once he or she satisfied with the cinema. In this case of cinema plaza Low involvement purchases is more considered. This case the consumer does not need to look for more information about the cinema as if he or she going to buy a house. The only thing she/he needs is to go buying ticket and watch movie. This process has very simple evaluation. Purchase evaluation The final stage after making a purchase, the consumer frequently is involved with the post-purchase evaluation of the decision. It is common for customers to experience concerns after making a purchase decision which lead to another purchase. In this cinema after the consumer attend the cinema plaza once he or she and satisfied usually the result is to join a member club of plaza cinema. Importance of Barry Champion to understand Decision Making Process and Decision Making Unit It helps him in considering the whole buying process; once Barry Champion understand all the stage of decision making unit and process it will be easy for him to make decision once he needs to buy the technique equipment of his cinema. No mistakes would appear because he already knows all the stages of making decision. It will help to understand the relative influence for each patron in decision making process, and able to create features that are preferred by these participants. Moreover he will be able to create advertisement strategy headed for his customers. Once the customers are aware of the Cinema it will be easy for them to attend. It will help him in making strategies of his new Plaza cinema. That means Barry will be able to understand what his patrons really want in his cinema, so that he can provide to them. It will help him in making decision in possible consequences. When such an analysis is done well, it can provide important insights and understanding. So this clearly shows that once Barry Champion undergoes this decision making process well even his business will develop. Barry Champion by understanding these decision processes it will help him to exctract information such patrons behavior or consumer influences for example (subculture, culture and Social roles class. Furthermore it will help him to be able to take out data on the emotional process that affect purchaser behavior or his potential patrons such as stimulus, perception and so forth. Ways which Barry champion should consider in obtain information Focus Group Here Barry can take a group of 8 to 30 people based on the demographic and meet in arranged room. He brought them together to discuss on the areas which Barry need to search. This way of gather information it cost some little amount to pay the participants who attend the meeting. He can also obtain information through talking with people. It can be used to collect information that is not openly obtainable. Barry might include meetings with patrons and suppliers. This information often has doubtful strength because it is highly personal and might not be delegate of the people. Feedback forms, here at the end of the of the show patrons they can feel out the forms concerning the cinema. So by doing so Barry Champion would got the actually report concern the cinema Plaza. Survey, he can see what happening elsewhere, Barry he can also go and visit other cinema so that he can receive the information of the other places how they conduct their business. Also he can use the information by renovate the cinema plaza. For example on how the auditorium and parking area they will be posses. TASK 3 Todays business environment is very competitive, this increase the need for companies to analyze their environment so that to be competitive and survive. SWOT Analysis provides a model for analyzing the competitive attractiveness or profitability of the industry. Gold screen should do this analysis so that to identify its key competition in the cinema Industry in Malaysia. Golden Screen Cinema industry in Kuala Lumpur Malaysia is the main competitor for Plaza cinema in Elderwood. So once Barry identifies who are the competitors for his business. It will be easy for him to deal with the organization. And Barry Champion should consider understand the Competitive Forces. Michael Porter has identified five forces that determine the forces of the competitor in a market. The following are the forces of competitive. STRENGTH One of the best strength of Gold Screen Cinema is the technique to catch the attention of patron to use credit card is when they started to apply a credit card. Other than this is the given reduction of those customers who purchase more tickets him or she can get a discount which is Plaza cinema do not have this strategy. In addition, it has got a Strong brand name company whereby the competitors are afraid of the services provided inside the industry. A new innovated product or services become a good strength to the organization as Golden Screen Cinema; it has all the quality the customer wants. Also a good location Golden Screen Cinema business leads to force of the company. Possibly when the cinema is far away from the patron, no customer would like to go because usually patron do not like to travel for long time just for watching moving.. But when the location is good and easy for every customer to reach on time is a key success for the business. Good reputation among customers leads to strength of the business. Once the customer spread the words about good services provided in the Golden Screen Cinema. Many populaces would like to be there the cinema and watch the movie which is strength of the business and also will bring more profits to this Golden Screen cinema. For Example Tuesday rates special WEAKNESSES: The absence of acertain strength can be a weakness. For example The Golden Screen Cinema main weakness is lack of market expertise will bring the market down and for the Plaza cinema the Auditorium is in bad condition so it needs to be decorated; also the seats were too few Location of the business, Golden Screen cinema must consider this weakness. Other people are unlikely to travel a long distance just for watching movie. So the good location leads to consumers to attend the cinema frequently. Plaza cinema environment is in a bad condition, there are no enough parking areas also any toilets. Hence plaza cinema patrons are only likely to pay a premium price for a movie when blockbuster movies are released. A lack of hit movies could make it difficult to sell tickets. OPPORTUNITIES Quickly adapt of new technologies like latest digital visual and audio equipment which increase entertainment and customer are free to buy tickets online, this will increase the revenue of the Golden Screen cinema Cinema worker must charge multiskilled and stretchy employees like young and informal workers who settled to work daily, twelve-monthly and work order. Loosing of regulations, once rules and regulation are not tight easy to make profit for the cinema. And the Malaysian rules are quiet well. So this is the good opportunity for Golden Screen cinema. THREATS It is too parked during Wednesday and Thursday in Golden Screen cinemas like a marketplace, it is very hard to buy a ticket if you arrive at the place late. In Plaza cinema the technical equipment of plaza cinema has been regularly repaired. Price it is rouse expensive especially on Thursday, because they know on Saturday a lot of people prefer going to cinema. Hence, can leads people to move to the other cinema near them. Perhaps the price strategy with competitor must be different but o rouse the price. Once the competitor has a new innovative product or services this leads to customer to prefer to go to the other cinema rather than attend to Golden Screen cinema. TASK 4 MARKET PLAN Executive Summary Barry Champion has recently negotiations have been undertaken to purchase the rural cinema, the Plaza in Elderwood. Barry Champion Bought the cinema from the private person, the cinema failed to make a profit for the past five years. It has been having trouble competing since Golden Screen cinema .The purpose of this business plan is to seek support of introduce new business and transform it into a modern cinema. This transformation will involve the renovation of one of the screens, decoration in a classy, movie theme style and parking area. Plaza cinema will give customers the opportunity to watch blockbuster movies from the comfort of luxurious, reclining lounge chairs while enjoying food and drinks brought directly to them Business Summary The business objectives are to develop one of the current cinemas which have capacity for 350 seats and with the both downstairs stalls area and gallery upstairs. Once the necessary renovations have been completed, the owners will need to obtain the necessary licensing permissions, hire staff and market the concept. Current Situation and Background At present The Plaza cinema is a small cinema industry maximum with two parts downstairs and gallery and patrons numbers has been down. The cinema has had a relatively steady customer base, but the recent opening of plaza cinema meant that patron numbers have been down. Even before the opening of the new Plaza cinema, the cinema had already been suffering a recession for the past of five years. These have included a pre- semi derelict property, education college. While these issues have affected the cinema in a negative way, these are also the issues on which the prospective owners believe they can take advantage of. Future Industry Developments The increase in other entertainment options, for instance computer games, pubs, enlarge cinemas restaurant. And also to make sure the parking areas are renovated in good way, buildings of toilets and However, the stabilization of the market at the top end does not as yet seem to have filtered down to the smaller cinemas and as such, many continue having trouble turning a profit. It is the owners belief that the current market is ideal for the development of a new concept which gives movie patrons an entirely unique cinema experience. COMPETITION Plaza cinema is forming his own market although there are few companies that do make cinema business also. After Plaza cinema suffering from making the profit in his own environment, now this Gold Screen cinema become direct competitor by introduce the same product offering. SWOT Analysis WEAKNES The main weaknesses of the Plaza cinema are, the car parking has been discouraged and the technical of the plaza cinema had been up-to-date severally times and also the projector and sound system has been installed one year ago. They allowed childrens to bring their sweets from home into auditorium. THREAT There is possibility of customer to desert the plaza cinema and look for a modern cinema. OPPORTUNITY Barry Champion is very experienced man in this cinema industry so can use his knowledge to drive his plaza cinema and against Golden screen class as his competitors. Market Analysis The possible ways in which the market cinema can be defined are: cinema complex, cinemas all ways of watching films including cinemas, DVDs and pay-television; and all ways of using discretionary spend including films, going to pubs, clubs or other ways of spending time and money in or out of the home. As explained above, it is the prospective landlord view that cinemas can no longer focus on the narrow definition of the market. Some guidance can be taken from the Golden Screen cinemas which offer patrons an experience. Often these cinemas are attached to shopping centers and as such going to the cinema is simply part of a persons shopping day. Golden Screen, like the shopping centers to which they are appended, rely on the principle that if something is large and loud, no one will dare to think that it is anything but the best and it must be said that they do this well. Teenagers are particularly impressed by this logic. Market Segmentation Cinema consumers generally fall within the 15-24 year age group with over 54% of people surveyed in this age group having attended the cinema most of the free time and they like to watch movies like Ice age, Madagascar, Alvin and the Chipmunks, Avatar. These decline in the 25-34 year old age group to 35% and normally the movie they like to watch are Jack the Giant killer, Julie and Julia, Twilight, Death in the Funeral, and further within the 40-45 age group to 14%. They go to cinema once in awhile. These facts imitate, maybe the fact that older cinema patrons who do not enjoy the nature of Gold Screen cinema have limited options with respect to indulging in a cinema experience. Furthermore, along with work and family commitments, older cinema customers have less free time available to them and more options with respect to how to spend that time. Market Research The purpose of the market research undertaken was to determine whether the Plaza cinema concept has been successful elsewhere, to estimate whether or not Elderwood is the best location for a cinema and to establish a price point for plaza cinema tickets, food and drinks. The marketplace research permitted the potential owners to establish that, the two parts concept has proven successful. While it was not achievable to obtain fiscal records, the potential owners were able to decide that the concept has been around for several years and they were able to test it for themselves. Marketing mix Plaza cinema marketing mix is compromised of the following approaches Advertising and Promotion The advertising would be highly targeted to local and outside. It is assumed that, people are unlikely to travel a long way to attend a cinema especially if they have a local one close by. As such, the goal is to advertise on local customers and to ensure that they remained regulars. So Barry should consider using advertisement like posters, Billboards, magazine and radio and TVs commercial break. Also can use promotion strategies like coupons, all these will promote the cinema plaza in a grand way. Pricing strategy Recently in plaza cinema the tickets were so cheap. So for Barry to penetrate the new market can uses the pricing strategies like are skimming and penetration pricing. He can start with Penetration pricing strategy because he wants to capture the market, so he can use low price foe entrance. Additional after the establishment of the Plaza cinema now can use the skimming pricing penetration, here can decide to rouse the price because the industry will be already renovated. Also will spotlight on arranging the ticket, at the cinema plaza is currently $4 during the day and  £6 in the evening for an adult. So he can introduce $5 for day movies and $8 for weekend movies. GOALS OF PLAZA CINEMA Prioritize the task of designing the Plaza cinema, into two auditoriums and in a modern way and work effectively. In this design the cinemas it will consist of an increase of patrons seats and make the cinema more luxurious. Building the foyer and maintain the parking areas in good environment. Also Barry can build the shops, instead of patrons carry their food they can buy the drinks and foods in the cinema place. To make sure the quality of the cinema is good. The quality of the plaza cinema need to be more maintained so that increases the profit of the company. Increase the profit of the Plaza cinema. Here to make sure that the advertisement and promotion are conducting effectively so that to pull those people to attend more the plaza cinema. And by doing, so it will increase the profit of the company. Focus on team work. Plaza cinema need to increase the employees so that they work hard and in a team. When his employees are more focus on the job to done this will help Barry Champion to reach his goals in easier way.