Indian & European Relations in the 1600s Essay

Spain in north struggled America1560s Spanish give up search for Indian gold. digest on defending their empire from English (who were plundering treasure ships and Caribbean ports) and cut Protestants (who began to settle in Florida though the Spanish had already claimed the land). Spanish shit fort at St. Augustine, Florida (1565) to protect route of the treasure fleet. They in like manner trouncing french Protestants. Raids by inhering Americans wipe out military outposts and unearthly missions. 1573 The Comprehensive Order for upstart Discoveries says that missionaries, not conquistadors, urinate to pacify the land. Franciscan friars set up missions in Nuevo Mxico ( sensitive Mexico) and ravish Native Americans. Native Americans do forced labor. 1680 Pop leads revolt, kills 400 Spaniards and forces remaining 1500 to flee to El Paso, and enters Spanish missions (Pueblo Revolt of 1680). Spaniards pass by, Native Americans make a deal that lets them formula their own rel igion and end forced labor, notwithstanding they have to dish up the Spaniards. Out do it Spanish fail to convert Native Americans, Santa Fe leftfield vulnerable. In Florida, raids by English leave St. Augustine vulnerable.French in northwestern America1608 First permanent settlement, Quebec, is founded1662 King Louis XIV turns New France into a royal colony, tries to keep up people to convey there. Cannot get enough people. New France becomes an area for trading furs. Rise of the Iroquois French install diseases that kill legion(predicate) Indians. Indians get guns from fur trade, which leads to struggle. The Five Iroquois Nations come out on top, have control of the fur trade in Quebec (with the French) and New Amsterdam (with the Dutch). French Jesuits try to win Indian converts. They do not exploit the Indians, and they come to understand their culture. They eventually win converts by adapting Christianity to the needs of the Indians. end disdain efforts of the Jesuit s, French fur trade causes devastation through disease and detriment of Indian culture. Iroquois warriors kill many, though they too are harmed French burned-out their villages and killed many warriors in 1666 and again in 1690.Dutch in normality AmericaDutch set up a fur-trading post (Fort Orange) along the Hudson River. West India Company has monopoly on the fur. Later, Dutch founded New Amsterdam and make it the capital of New Netherland. Colony didnt thrive small universe of discourse made it vulnerable. Fort Orange succeeds as a peaceful and flourishing fur-trading post. Dutch near New Amsterdam are more scrappy towards Indians. 1640 war. After the war, West India Company ignores New Netherland, focuses on slave trade. 1664 Dutch fall under control of the English under the Duke of York 1673 Dutch rape momentarily recaptures the colonyEdmund Andros takes control, in retaliation imposes English law and demands allegiance. Outcome Dutch, who had once been dominant, are now a subject people.Chapter 6 reservation War and republican Governments (1776-1789) patriots demand that colonists join Loyalist or Patriot side cannot stay neutral. Patriots have advantage to get posters b/c they control local anesthetic governments. Patriots make phalanx, and Patriots encouraged people to support the array by taking a more active role in govt. Character of politics changes when common people exert influence popular army launches age of republican revolution.Americans forced to retreat, Britain pushed hazard Americans into PA. When winter comes, Britain halts their motion and Patriots catch them off guard, winning small victories.Armies and StrategiesHowe doesnt want to destroy Americans, just wants them to surrender and compromise. Howe cannot win decisive victory, Washington avoids defeat. Washingtons handicaps Fights only defensively, has unfit recruits, Radical Whig Patriots believe army is threat to liberty.American Victory at SaratogaBritains goal isola te New EnglandNorths colonial secretary Germains plan outrage Albany from 3 sides. Burgoyne, St. Leger, and Howe pass on attack. Howes different plan attack Philadelphia (home of Continental copulation), end rebellion w/ single victory. Howe uses his plan slowly. Continental Congress flees to PAs interior. Howes slow attack at a time leads to defeat of Burgoynes army. Burgoynes actions fights, then stalls. Americans led by superior general Gates slows Burgoynes progress. Burgoynes army stuck in Saratoga, NY. Beaten back while trying to raid VT. Has troops w/drawn to ease Howe. Meanwhile, Gates forces grow. October 1777 Burgoyne forced to surrender. Turning point of the war.Social and Financial PerilsBritish naval blockade causes disruption in New England fishing industry, and British occupation causes decrease in domestic trade and manufacturing. People move out, decrease in population. Chesapeake colonies blockade cuts tobacco exports. Short supply of goods = army starts gett ing supplies from the people. Women and Household ProductionWomen1 Increase output of homespuns2 Participate in farmworkDespite this, goods remain scarce and prices rise. War also created deprivation, displacement, and death. War divides communities b/c of Patriots violence.Financial Crisis res publica govts are weak, turn int create new taxes. Creation of fiat money, Continental Congress and colonies economies crumble.vale ForgeStarvation and sickness for Americans during the winter in Valley Forge, but Baron von Steuben raises morale. Continental army becomes tougher and better disciplined.The Path to Victory, 1778-17831778 Continental Congress allies w/ France. trammel gives Continental Congress money, supplies, and afterwards(prenominal) troops. Also confronts Britain w/ international war that challenges domination of Atlantic.The French AllianceAlliance starts w/ secret loan to colonies to avenge Frances impairment of Canada to Britain. Later turns into a formal alliance. Negotiating the TreatyAmerican diplomats ensure accordance specifies that French support cannot end until the United States is independent. Alliance revives colonies and Continental Congress.The British ResponseWar is becoming unpopular in Britain. Some British support Americans and campaign for domestic reforms. George 3 initially committed to inhibition rebellion, but after British defeat at Saratoga changes his mind. Tries to frustrate American and French alliance (Parliament repeals Tea Act, Prohibitory acts, and renounces right to tax colonies).War in the SouthFrench and Spanish (who joined the war against Britain in 1779) agendas cause British to shift focus of the war to the South.Britains Southern StrategyBritish plan1 Focus on winning tobacco and rice colonies (VA, Carolinas, GA) then rely on local Loyalists to hold them 2 Exploit racial divisions between slaves and Patriot owners get slaves to flee At first, British are winning. But tide turns. Dutch join fight agains t British. France dispatches troops to AmericaPartisan Warfare in the CarolinasGeneral Green fights in Carolinas. Fighting goes back and forth. Britain is gelded by this war of attrition, and British decide to give up Carolinas to Greene and focus on VA instead.Benedict Arnold and Conflicting LoyaltiesBenedict Arnold switched from American side to British side. Fights for George III in VA.Britain DefeatedWashington and the French fleet surround Cornwallis and his troops on land. Cornwallis is outnumbered, cannot escape by sea. October 1781 Cornwallis surrenders in YorktownThe Patriot favourWhy the Americans won the war1 Some British mistakes2 Widespread Patriots in America3 Many Americans support war through taxes and joining the militia4 Patriots led by undergo politicians5 George WashingtonAmericans refuse to support British army, refuse to engage occupation by Loyalist forces, and endure the inflation caused by the war.diplomatical TriumphPeace talks begin in 1782, but French and Spanish stall b/c they still hope for study naval victory or territorial conquest. Ignoring Treaty of Alliance, Americans sign a separate peace w/ the British. September 1783 Treaty of Paris. Great Britain recognizes emancipation of the colonies.Britain gets1 Canada 2 Rights for merchants to pursue legal claims for prewar debts 3 Americans will encourage state legislatures to return confiscated property to Loyalists and grant them citizenship America gets1 Great Lakes and land east of the Mississippi River2 Fishing rights3 Freedom of navigation on the Mississippi4 British cannot keep apart property like slaves1783 Treaty of Versailles Britain makes peace w/ France and SpainChapter 10 Creating Republican Institutions, 1776 1787The State Constitutions How Much Democracy?Many states had written state constitutions when the Continental Congress urged them to in 1776.The Rise of Popular Politics, 1820-1829Expansion of the franchise = around democratic symbol of the Democratic Revolution. Gives ordinary men more military force than anywhere else in the world.The Decline of the Notables and the Rise of PartiesAmerican Revolution weakened the deferential society, but didnt overthrow it. Wealthy notables still rule the governmental system at first. 1810 Struggle to expand suffrage began. State legislatures grant broader voting rights to diffuse criticism and deter migration to the west. The new voters refused to support politicians that flaunted their high social status. Democratic politics is corrupt.Martin Van Buren1 Created political machine, the Albany Regency. 2 Patronage gives government jobs to party members in return for their loyalty. (Spoils system) 3 Insists on party discipline, requires elected officials to follow dictates of the party caucus.The resource of 1824Five candidates, all Republicans, campaigned for presidency. Jackson received most popular votes, but Adams won because dust made a corrupt bargain with Adams, where Clay would vote Adams into presidency if he would become secretary of state.Presidency of trick Quincy Adams the last notable presidentSupports American System (protective tariffs, national bank, support inbred improvements) Resistance to the American System southerners oppose protective tariffs because they raised the price of manufactures, and smallholders feared springful banks that could force them into bankruptcy. Politicians oppose American System on constitutional grounds (for example, locution that the national governments income couldnt fund state improvement projects because those projects were the responsibility of the states). Southerners were also angry intimately the Tariff of 1828, which raised duties on raw materials and textiles. Southerners also dislike Adamss pro-Indian policy.Jacksonian Impact1 Expanded potential authority of death chair by identifying it with the voice of the people. 2 Upheld national authority by gruelling use of military force, laying foundation for Lincolns later defense of the Union. 3 Reinvigorated Jeffersonian tradition of limited telephone exchange government by undermining American System of national banking, protective tariffs, and internal improvements. 4 Undermined constitutional jurisprudence of marshal by appointing Taney as Marshalls successor. Taney partially reversed nationalist and property-rights decisions of Marshall. Example In the show window Charles River Bridge Co. v. Warren Bridge Co. (1837), Taney says that a charter doesnt of necessity bestow a monopoly, and a legislature could charter competition (in this case, a competing bridge co.) to help the public.This decision directly challenges what Marshall said in the Dartmouth College v. Woodward case, where Marshall stresses the binding nature of a contract by saying that a state cannot invalidate a contract. Other cases that place limits on Marshalls nationalistic interpretations by enhancing role of state governments city manager of New York v. Miln (1 837) New York state can use police power to inspect health of immigrants. Briscoe v. Bank of Kentucky (1837) When it issues currency, a bank owned by the Kentucky doesnt violate the provision of the Constitution that prohibits states from issuing bills of credit. As a result of the Taney Courts decisions, the role of state governments in doctor was greatly enhanced. 5 States write new constitutions that extend democracy, many of which introduce classical liberalism (laissez-faire). Laissez-faire says the government role in the economy should be limited.