Type II Diabetes :: Health, Diseases

Introduction subject II diabetes is a heterogeneous syndrome results from the progressive defects of impairment of - kiosk insulin secernment and insulin resistant of the target tissues. It also increases due to the rising rate of corpulency which involves the deficiency of insulin to compensate for insulin opposition by increasing insulin secretion 1. so far it is increasingly clear that reductions in insulin sensitivity and - cell functions leads to the rise of casing II diabetes 2. The normal pancreatic - cells displaying the remarkable response to nutrients and obesity associated insulin protection by the hyper secretion of insulin to watch over fuel homeostasis. But the cellular impedance unable to sustain the cells compensatory response in type II diabetes 3. Although the military campaign of the metabolic deterioration is unknown, but several hypothesis have been proposed including mitochondrial dysfunction, aerophilic stress, ER stress, and gluco-lipotoxicity 4, 5. Recent studies with intensive investigations suggesting that elevated glucose along with circulating let loose fatty acids distributed especially from the intra abdominal fat are the major culprits of insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction 6, 7. But the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms of gluco-lipotoxicity contribute to - cell dysfunction and loss in type II diabetes remains debated. A recent observation from experimental, clinical and genetic recite suggests endoplasmic reticulum was responsible for molecular mechanism of gluco-lipotoxicity which may contribute to - cell dysfunction in type II diabetes 8, 9. In this review, we discussed about the pursuit of ER in gluco-lipotoxicity induced - cell dysfunction along with the skeleton involvement of mitochondria. ER stress response Adaptation to metabolic changes requires the high gear regulation and co-ordination of many homeostatic systems, since the qu ality and quantity of available nutrients does not temporally match their needs. Pancreatic - cells displaying remarkable response to nutrients by the counterbalance between the anabolic hormone insulin and the catabolic hormone glucagon in outrank to maintain fuel homeostasis. For an appropriate response, the cells require the development of suitable sensors and augury molecules, which integrates all these signals into an appropriate insulin secretory rate in order to maintain homeostasis.