English and Vietnamese Adjective Phrases.

vocalisation A INTRODUCTION 1. Rationale. Nowadays, side of meat is the nigh widely apply in the world and plays an important sh ar together with the development of society and technologies. incline is not just now the hard-hitting means of communi swanion but to a fault show its progressive make in some(prenominal) aspects of life. Practically, demand on the similarities and residuals surrounded by the two lanongonococcal urethritisages and cultures face and Vietnamese has been star of my concerns. It is clear that there are m either disparitys among the two lanongonococcal urethritisages of as those in grammar, lexicology, translation, phonetic and so on.However there simmer down exist plenty of similarities and going aways between side of meat and Vietnamese that female genitals be demonstrated contrastive abridgment. When choosing the subject for the assignment, I put much oversight to procedural says beca put on this field may make me conf employ. I ho pe that this study help me as well as other learners go away make adjectival phrases in side and Vietnamese thoroughly. 2. Aims of the study. My research aims at. + Giving metaphysical background of side of meat and Vietnamese procedural phrases. Analyzing of the excogitate influence in face procedural with Vietnamese equivalence + Presenting some vexedies faced by Vietnamese learners of face in adjectival phrases and 3. Scope of the study. During the study process, I perplex been attracted by adjective phrases. Because of time allowance and knowledge, I deposenot speak all its social organizations, functions, and so forth but only focus on lay outs, and I introduce some similarities and differences of adjective phrases between slope and Vietnamese for the research. PART B DEVELOPMENT I. Literature Review I. 1.Definition of Adjective phrase I. 1. 1. slope Adjective phrase According to Quirk et al. (57) and Greenbaunm (32), an adjective phrase is a phrase with an adjective such as loose or beaming as its channelize. Within the adjectives phrase, the adjective may be pre-modified (too scrupulous) or post-modified ( alarmed of travel ) or both of premodifed and post modified (too c centenarian to swim, extremely afraid of ghost). The structure of the typical adjective phrase is shown at the following figure. The deflexion omen the optional elements. pic Eg. I am stock(a) betoken The agency is to the full of smoke ead postmod. The bus is really black to set transfer premod. head postmod. I. 1. 1. Vietnamese Adjective phrase According to Di? p Quang evict (5) and Nguy? n Tai C? n (10), a Vietnamese adjective phrase is a phrase in which there is an adjective as a head. For instance t? t, v? n r? t t? t, r? t t? t, t? t qua. worry incline adjectives, Vietnamese adjectives have the ability to mix in with modifiers which are dual-lane into two parts modifiers preceding the head are called premodifiers, whereas those following the head are called premodifiers.In Vietnamese adjective phrases, some modifiers abide come to the fore both earlier and later on the head. eg. xinh qua, qua xinh, c? c k? t? t, t? t c? c k?. Like the structure of noun phrases and verb phrases, the full construction of an adjective phrase consists of terzetto components a head, premodifier, and postmodifer and the short construction may consist of one component (a head) or two components (a head and premodifier or a head and postmodifier). The structure of the typical Vietnamese adjective phrase is in the following figure premodifier(s) + head + postmodifier(s) I. 2.Adjective phrases and their ranks I. 2. 1. book of account high society through syntactic functions of face adjective phrases According to Greenbaum (32) Adjective functions have two important functions premodifier of a noun (prenominal function) and subject predicative(subject predicative function). Eg. premodifier of a noun (attributive function) My cat is a actually curious cat. Subject predicative(subject predicative function). My sister is really pretty Besides, There are some other functions of adjective phrase Object predicative function They are going to paint their foretoken pink Postmodifier of a pronoun Shall we go to somewhere cool? Postmodifier of a noun I dont mean to make my married woman sad nominated adjective You should confuse the Chinese and the Japanese Complement of a preposition he did not come back home till late eventually night. a. banter lodge in attribute function When they come before nouns, they pass away in the following companionship a (adjective) + b (noun) Eg. Barack Obama is a extremely strict president a + b As the workout shows, adjective phrases apply in premodification are usually either one treatment phrase. When they come after nouns, they occur in the following companionship b (noun) + a (adjective) Eg. I am thirteen years old b + a Anyone effectual washbowl apply for the job b + a Barack Obama was the president elect. b + a b. countersign rove in predicative function In adjective phrase, an adjective not only occurs in attributive position, it burn also appear in predicative position as subject complement after linking verbs like be, seem, appear, peculiarly the verbs of disposition taste, look, smell, etc. There is a copular relationship between subject and subject complement.The word inn can be formalistic as a (subject) + b (linking verb) + c (adjective) Eg The cake tastes sweet a + b + c Your perfume smells musky a + b + c That music sounds picturesque a + b + c She seems innocent a + b + c I. 2. 2. news allege through Syntactic functions of Vietnamese Adjective phrases a. Word order in Attributive function In Vietnamese adjective phrases, adjective in the attributive function frequently follow the noun they modify according to the order a (noun) + b (adjective) (noun) + b (modifier) + c (adjective) a (noun) + c (adjective) + b (modif ier) Eg. Lan da nau c? a co ? y v? n cu? n hut toi = Her brown skin still attracts me Do la bu? i sang mai th? t d? p = That is a real nice early morning M? t khi? c vay l? a Ha Dong th? t d? p a + c + b + d M? t chi? c vay c? a Ha Dong b? ng l? a th? t d? p a + b + c + d M? t chi? c vay l? a th? t d? p c? a Ha Dong a + c + d + b M? t chi? c vay th? t d? p b? ng l? a c? Ha Dong a + d + c + b b. Word order in Predicative Function In Vietnamese adjective phrases, adjectives can directly function as predicative like verbs and the order can be formalised as a (subject) + b (adjective) Eg. B? phim th? t hay = The film was precise interesting a + b When Vietnamese adjectives are in the predicative function, they can combine with the criteria of verbs. These are + aspect-time maker da, s? , t? ng, con, chua, etc. a (subject) + b (aspect-time maker) + c (head) Eg. Co ngu? i toc da b? c pho + b + c II. Contrastive analysis of the word order in slope adjective with Vietnamese equival ence It is obvious that both English and Vietnamese are analytical languages but they belong to diverse linguistic typologies. English is an inflectional and analytical language, whereas Vietnamese is a typical isolate and non-inflectional language. Therefore, apart from the similarities which do not cause difficulties for learners, there are many differences between English and Vietnamese adjective phrases and their orders which can cause a variety of problems (errors and confusion) for learners.So, I will go deeply into the differences only and I think compare might be the best way to locate the differences in the word order in English and Vietnamese adjective phrases. The following similitude will focus on the differences in 1. Word order through syntactic functions of adjective phrases 2. Word order in premodification of adjective phrases 3. Word order through basic scores of comparison II. 1. Word order through syntactic functions of adjective phrases In terms of main syn tactic functions, most English and Vietnamese adjectives can be used both attributively and predicatively.When adjective function attributively, they attribute to a forest or characteristic to what is de mention noun they modify. However, there are differences in the word order in the English and Vietnamese adjective phrases through their syntactic functions. II. 1. 1. Word order in Attributive function he is a very generous man Anh ? y la m? t ngu? i hao phong Premod. + N N + postmod. English is a rather difficult subject Ti? ng Anh la m? t mon h? c kha kho Premod. + N N + postmod From the above examples, it can be seen that both English and Vietnamese adjective functions as attribute of nouns, i. e. in attributive function, and they do not vary in form to agree with nouns. However, in the attributive function, English adjectives are used as premodifier of the noun, i. e. they come before the noun and appear between the determiner and the head of the noun phrase, whereas Vietn amese adjectives share the corresponding character in that they practically function as postmodifier, i. . they come after the noun. This is an important difference between the two languages. II. 1. 2Word order in predicative function The following examples show the difference in the word order of adjective phrases in predicative function. Eg. Lan is very pretty and intelligent Lan r? t xinh d? p va thong minh intensifier V. Adj. + Adj. Adj. + Adj. I dont like living in the theater of operations because it is so Toi khong thich s? ng trong ngoi nha do vi no b? n th? i va t? tam dirty and good-for-nothing Adj. + Adj. intense V. Adj. + Adj. Apart from the attributive function, both English and Vietnamese adjectives can also be used predicatively. However, in English, when adjectives function as propound they are used after an intensive verb be. Unlike English adjectives, Vietnamese adjectives play the predicative role directly without the linking verb be, i. e. in this function, Vietnamese adjectives are used to complete a censure without any verbs or verb phrase.On the contrary, English adjectives can never function as verbs. In a sentence, they must follow a verb or a verb phrase. Moreover, when we iterate from English into Vietnamese, we frequently meet a great number of syllabic adjectives in Vietnamese. For example xinh xinh x? n (beautiful) kho kho khan (difficult) ch? m ch? m ch? p (slow) g? n g? n gang (tidy) Generally, these disyllabic adjectives are formed from monosyllabic adjectives. Whether development monosyllabic or disyllabic depends on the habit of the Vietnamese Eg. It is clear that he is quite slow Ro rang r? ng anh ? y kha ch? ch? p The weather makes me feel tired Th? i ti? t lam cho toi c? m th? y m? t m? i Furthermore, closely all Vietnamese monosyllabic adjectives can be used repeatedly to diminish the characteristics or levels. And these are typical gass of Vietnamese adjectives which we do not find in English , for example I felt cold (Toi c? m th? y lanh l? nh). Unlike English adjectives, in Vietnamese, some adjectives can combine with nouns adjective + noun to form the group of assert adjectives to express the assert of the characteristics. For example My start out is a very careful and helpful womanM? c? a toi la m? t ngu? i ph? n? c? n th? n va nhi? t tinh These group of lecture have metaphoric centre and can function as predicate and attribute. Here are some groups of delivery which are frequently used nong tinh(hot-tempered), d? tinh(easy-going), t? t b? ng(knid-hearted), sang d? (clever), dung c? m (brave), etc. However, when the order of the groups of words is inverted, the metaphoric meaning disappears. Besides, in Vietnamese, the structure ma + adjectives is used to strongly express the objection to an opinion, a remark just do by the speaker.This structure is only applied the peers or inferiors Eg. Is Nam really informal? Anh Nam ma than thi? n a? Generally, in langu ages, the imperative sentences have the positive meaning, but in Vietnamese, when ma precedes adjectives in the sentence, the sentence has the ostracise meaning. The sentence Anh Nam ma than thi? n a? (Is Nam really friendly? ) means Nam is not friendly Another feature of Vietnamese adjectives which does not exist in English. That is, adjectives that precede ra, len, di l? i to form compound words or the group of words turn into verbs or have the character of verbs.In Vietnamese, the warning adjectives + ra/len/ di/l? i is used to express the development of character, state of things or people. When these words combine with adjectives, they a good deal imply the presupposition and have the resister content, for example when we say Lan d? o nay trong xinh ra. It implies that Lan is more beautiful than before. In Vietnamese, the sense of positive uses the archetype adjective + ra/len. In English, this structure is expressed by intensive verb + adjective with the comparative decimal point meaning. The earth is becoming warmer Trai d? t dang nong d? len Vintensive + Adj Adj + len II. 1. 3. Word order in premodification of adjective phrases In this section, we will discuss and analyse the differences in the word order in premodification of English and Vietnamese adjective phrases in detail through translation Eg. I am very glad to meet you Toi r? t vui m? ng du? c g? p anh Intensi. + Adj Intensi. Adj The tigers are very big and savage Nh? ng con h? ?y to l? n va hung d? l? m Intensi. + Adj + adj Adj + adj+ Intensi. She is very nervous before severally exam Co ? y da qua lo l? ng tru? c m? i k? thi Intensifier + Adj Intensi. + Adj I am very remorseful and disappointed Toi th? an h? n va th? t v? ng qua Intensifier + Adj + Adj Adj + adj+ Intensi Through the above examples, it should be noted both English and Vietnamese adjectives serve as the head of adjective phrases. Adjective phrases may contain only an adjective as the head, or two co mponents the head and premodifier or the head and postmodifier. Both English and Vietnamese adjectives are premodified chiefly by adverbs. Generally, premodifiers are intensifiers.In English, they are very, extremely, rather, a bit, quite, etc. and in Vietnamese, they are r? t, r? t la, qua, th? t, c? c k? , hoi, etc. However, there are some differences in the order of the adverbs denoting layers in the two languages. In English, these adverbs are followed by adjectives enchantment in Vietnamese, they can occur both before and after adjectives. For instance, in Vietnamese, the adverbs r? t, qua, l? m are used to indicate the highest stratum of the personal or non-personal characteristics and they are the same meaning but various in usage.All of them can be translated as very besides, qua, l? m may be translated as too and so in English. These examples also show that the word order of adverbs of degree very in English and r? t r? t la in Vietnamese is the same, i. e. they occu r before adjectives. However, very and r? t are often used in written language, whereas r? t la is often used in verbalize language. But when very is used as l? m or qua, the word order us suddenly different. L? m in Vietnamese must be preceded by adjectives and it is often used in spoken language.Contrary to l? m, the word qua may occur before or after adjectivels in spoken language to express an exclamation. Also c? c k? , tuy? t, th? t may occur before or after adjectives. However, the words qua, c? c k? , tuy? t, th? t often appear after adjectives, therefore, when they are used before adjectives, they are often used with the meaning of emphasis or assessment. Unlike English adjectives, Vietnamese adjectives can play the predicative role directly, so they can combine with the aspect-time criteria of the verbs such as da, dang, s? , v? n,c? con and it is a typical feature of Vietnamese. This combination expresses the relation between the characteristics and time. These chara cteristics are based on the sense of native speakers and they exist like the form of the state. In short, modifiers da, dang, s? , v? n, c? , con not only express grammatical meaning but also the purpose of the statement and the relation between a speaker and reality. In Vietnamese, in certain situations of the sentence, these meanings will be banged. Eg. They were very successful H? a r? t thanh cong Vintens. + Intensi. + Adj time-maker + intens. + adj Our country is different now D? t nu? c c? a chung ta da khac xua Vintens.. + Adj time-maker + adj After the wedding, She is very happy Sau l? cu? i, co ? dang r? t h? nh phuc Vintens. + Intensi. + Adj time-maker + adj I hope that you will be comfortable Toi hy v? ng la b? n s? c? m th? y tho? i mai Aux. + Vintens.. + Adj time-maker + adj My wife was still angry V? toi v? n con gi? Vintens.. + Adv + adj time-maker + adj From these, we can see a very remarkable structural difference In English, aspect-time categories are indicated by the forms of the verbs, whereas do not Vietnamese do not have the category of time and the meaning of the time is indicate by supporting words da, dang, s? , v? n, c? , v? n con. In Vietnamese, the predicative function is expressed by the structures da/dang/s? /v? n/c? con/v? n c? /con c? + adjective, but in English this function is expressed by different structures intensive verb(past) + adjective intensive verb(present) + adjective, auxiliary + present participle+ adjective auxiliary + be + adjective, intensive verb + still + adjective. II. 1. 4 Word order through basic degree of comparison Most adjectives in English and Vietnamese can take comparison. These are gradable adjectives and they have three degrees of comparison same degree higher degree set about degree a. The same degree comparisonIn both English and Vietnamese, when we say two things or persons are equal, we use the adjective in the same degree. In english, we use the structure as + adj + as, wh ereas in Vietnamese, we use some modifiers nhu, b? ng, tuong t? after adjectives in the structure adj + nhu/b? ng/tuong t?. For example My wife is not as beautiful as yours V? toi khong xinh b? ng v? anh My house is as small as your office Nha c? a toi ch? b? ng van phong c? anh thoi Nobody can understand me as much as my mother Khong ai co th? hi? u toi nhu m? c? b. The higher degree comparison In order to indicate the difference in the word order in the degrees of comparison. First I would crap here some examples and their translation into Vietnamese. Hanoi is much more beautiful than Hanoi was Ha N? i ngay nay d? p hon nhi? u Ha N? i tru? c kia Health and gladness are more important than money S? c kho? va h? nh phuc quan tr? ng hon ti? n b? One of the worst diseases which valet have is cancer M? t trong nh? ng can b? nh nguy hi? m nh? t ma loai ngu? i ph? i ch? u la ung thu These examples show that in the higher degree of comparison, English adjectives change thei r forms. They are indicated by the inflection er or the premodifier more in the comparitive degrees of comparison. We also add the inflection est or the premodifier most to show the superlative degree.We have some specific rules when using er, est, more and most. In contrast, in Vietnamese, in both comparative and superlative degrees, modifiers always come after the adjective they modify and adjectives do not change their form in both cases c. The lower degree of comparison When we want to say a person or a thing has little of a quality then the other, we use the comparison of the lower degree. In the lower degree, English adjectives take the modifier less.. then? or can be negated from the equality degree and the net degree can be denoted by adding the modifier the least.In the lower degree, on the other hand, Vietnamese adjectives take the modifier kem hon or negative words khong b? ng Khong du? c nhu and the lowest degree can be expressed by the words kem nh? t it nh? t. For example The film was less interesting than I expected B? phim nay khong hay nhu toi mong d? i less + adj + than khong + adj nhu This city is not as dangerous as others thanh ph? nay khong nguy hi? nhu cac thanh ph? khac not + as + adj + as In Vietnamese, the relation between these modifiers is very complicated. For instance, we may consider b? ng opposite to kem and khong b? ng may replaced by kem. The word hon may have the similar meaning as b? ng when it combines with khong (khong hon). For example Khong co gi quy hon d? c l? p t? do (Nothing is more precious than independency and freedom) Di? m c? a anh ? y khong hon di? m toiDue to the complete semantics of these modifiers we do not have grammatical category relating to the meaning of degrees of comparison of Vietnamese adjectives. In short, in this chapter, we have discussed the major issues relating to the differences in the form, the word order through the syntactic function, the word order in premodification and basic degrees of comparison of English and Vietnamese adjectives. We can say the word order in Vietnamese phrases is much more complicated then that in English adjective phrases because in Vietnamese adjective phrases, more modifiers can occur both before and after the head adjective phrases.The striking difference between the English and Vietnamese adjective phrases is in the word order through the attributive and predicative functions. Moreover, Vietnamese adjectives may appear with the modifiers display aspect-time criteria of verbs which we do not find in English. Besides, in English. we clearly distinguish parts of speech adjectives and adverbs with words denoting manner while in Vietnamese we have only one adjectives. II. 2. Some students common mistakes in using adjective phrases English and Vietnamese are quite different languages, so it is impossible to avoid mistake when learners use adjective phrases.The following mistakes can be the most common ones + Learners often put adje ctives in the misuse order because of the influence of their mother tongue. As you know both English and Vietnamese adjectives are used to modify nouns, but English adjectives often precede the nouns they modify, whereas Vietnamese adjectives often follow the nouns they modify. That is the reason why Vietnamese learners use adjectives incorrectly. + Vietnamese learners often confuse between adjectives which have the -ed and -ing demented/worrying, excited/exciting, etc.They do not know when they have to use -ed adjectives, when they must use -ing ones. For example a boring film or a bored film PART C CONCLUSION This study has analysed, compared the word order in English and Vietnamese adjective phrases. It has analysed the similarities and differences in the scheme of the words in adjective phrases between two languages based on the basic grammatical structures. By examining the description and comparison of the word order in English adjective phrases with Vietnamese equivalent s, this study has shown there are both similarities and differences in the two languages.The most typical similarity is in the structure premodifier + Adj + postmodifier shared by the two languages where the head of the adjective phrases is in the centre of the phrase and around it there may be modifiers premodifier and postmodifier, but they are optional. The basic differences in the word order in English and Vietnamese adjective phrases are likely to cause many problems in understanding, expressing ideas and translation. So much attention should be paid to the differences in teach adjective phrases to Vietnamese learners. &8212&8212-The end&8212&8212- REFERENCES 1. Aarts. F. &038 Aart,J. , (1982) English syntactic structures. Oxford Pergamon Press 2. Alexander,L. G. (1992). Longman English Grammar. EssexLongman 3. Ban, Diep Quang (1998) Ng? Phap ti? ng Vi? t. Ha N? i Nha xu? t b? n Giao d? c 4. Fisiak,J. (1981) Contrastive analysis and language teacher. Oxford Oxford Pergamon In stitute of English 5. M? nh, Tr? n H? u. (2000). A guide to University grammar of English. Ha N? i D? i h? c M?. 6. Quirk,R et al. (1973). A University Grammar of English. Essex Longman &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 ADJECTIVE PHRA SE Pre-modifier(s) Adjective Postmodifier (s)