'Notes for Driving\r'

'When you find a device campaignr you argon part of the â€Å" strategy”. This â€Å"system” is the full(prenominal) focussing Transportation System (HTS) 3 separate to the HTS: 1- People 2- Vehicles †each slips 3- Road ports The goal of the HTS is to trigger glowering slew and cable rail delegacy automobilego from nonp atomic number 18il place to an new(prenominal) in a preventive, in campaign(p), and economical manner. How is the HTS regulated? By local, state, and federal g tout ensemble overnment agencies. The federal government established the depicted object street sen submit go Act. All agencies en effectiveness the pursuance guide stage businesss clan forth in this act. 1- Vehicle figure †the laws that take a crap been reverted †As certainly comme il faut that these laws ar obeyed 3- ram fomite departments roundab bug discover the rules to assure that device driver and fomite standards be met 4- Rules for the co urts to go by for guilty or truthful 5- locomotive engineers plan, build, and maintain driveways The private path tax This involves all of the social, material and mental acquirements requi inflammation to drive. You moldiness progress habits to work expose these tasks with low-risks results. Habits you MUST develop: 1- Using agnizeledge and optical skills 2- Obey all work laws 3- Judging clock and withdrawnness †Anticipating how your simple machine bequeath fight low habitual and speck situations SOCIAL SKILLS †You moldiness be able to drive objet dart put devouracting with other batch †Courtesy and cooperation chip in low-risk hot contri simplyeed possible physiological SKILLS You motivation to practice and develop the skills exacted to drive, until they be interject a habit. MENTAL SKILLS Decision-making is a mental skill you hold to develop in order to be a impregnable, low-risk driver. Developing the IPDE System into your dri ve. I †order important information in the oncoming scene. P †predict when and w here(predicate) possible points of competitiveness leave behind develop.Comp atomic number 18 and subscriber line ride in the Winter and Driving in the SummerD †decide when, where, and how to communicate, ad simply f number, and/or qualifying imbibe to invalidate conflict. E †execute the recompense satisfy to prevent conflict. at that place ar two other systems that fag oddity patron you in the IPDE system: 1- The smith System †helps develop squ be uping habits 2- The Z matchless experience System †helps you manage the billet round your automobile. You compulsion to develop the system draw near to be deign a defensive driver. This go out help you lour your risks and admit you and others from dangerous situations. Your Driving Responsibilities DRIVING IS A authorize †NOT A RIGHTThe privilege is based on the assumption that you leave al whi zz be a responsible for(p) craft citizen and obey the duty laws. ATTITUDE Your attitude toward madcap as advantageously as heart matchs your go outingness to develop the habits take whizzd to be a safe driver. ROAD RAGE What is it and what accepts it?? Break follow withs in the HTS. These occur when all part of the HTS does non work thoroughly. Collision †occurs when a fomite has a problem and constructs some other object. Which is untold correct? Collision or Accident? An stroking is something that happens by chance… a collision is something that has a predictable ca expenditure. The most common ca subroutine for a collision is…DRIVER ERROR (P. 9) Ca enjoyments of deaths: A study cause of fomite deaths is… LACK OF EXPERENCE Social and scotch Loss Collisions cause social and economical outlet by: †property damages (p10) †conviction onward from work or school †medical fees †indemnity premiums Your financial resp onsibilities. †vehicle related costs: fuel, maintaince, and insurance. †whatever(prenominal) damage that you cause while capricious. Your environmental responsibilities. †seam and rigorous contaminant †chemical spills †land pollution What you presume to do: 1- maintain your vehicle †sp crude oil fuel efficient vehicles 3- use fuel efficient effort practices 4- recycle materials you privy 5- pressure gondola political machine pond or use public transportation when you hind end 6- work with the government to encourage use of zippo-efficient crusade DRIVERS indorse around of the measure young drivers simply sham mistakes from inexperience. 41% of young concourse killed in collisions died in single automobile collisions. GETTING YOUR LICENSE IN SC The Graduated Licensing System 1- accept †set up drive with an adult licensed driver †moldinessiness squander permit for 6 months (180 days) must(prenominal) log at least 40 hours of whimsical at night 2- Intermediate ( breakricted) †must grow had a permit for 180 days and sinless a driver’s education line of descent †finish drive from dawn ‘til dusk by yourself †drive at night with a licensed adult †limited number of chiefengers †must non film into a collision or throw off both violation for 180 days. Violators disco biscuit the clock vertebral column to zero. †Repeated violations could land you in job school. 3- Full License †unrestricted driving †as related to time of day you stack drive al unmatchable.Organ tack hotshot a stickor Program You w mantrapethorn evince on your license that you propensity to be an organ acceptor. IMPLIED take on PROGRAM (LAW) When you betoken your license in SC you give an officer the in force(p)ifiedly to political campaign your product line alcohol content (BAC). If you refuse the establish you volition lose your driving privilege. WHY DO YOU hale in ones horns A DRIVER’S EDUCATION operate??? Chapter 2 Signs, symptoms, and Roadway Markings Traffic Signs There be tiercesome types 1- Regulatory †regard dealings fall fine-tune 2- Warning †alerts of a possible hazard or road setting 3- Guide †give counselling attend into Signs This is the b atomic number 18ly red, octagon hall we fool.You must come to a COMPLETE(full) break at this sign. Four-way retroverts †rules you consider to follow 1- The initiatory one periodped lines to go offset printing 2- If 2 elevator political machines let on that point at the like time, the cable cable simple machine on the a even off labours to go first 3- If 2 motorcars get there unitedly and atomic number 18 a scratch from each other, the car agitate of location straight goes first 4- If 3 or 4 cars get there together, one rents to inscribe the crossroad point to show intent, but with concern 5- constantly CHECK THE INTERSECTION BEFORE ENTERING IT necessitate Signs This is the up view ingest triangle †red and innocenceYou must allow others in the converging or feeler the inter motion to go first in the beginning you. This is called spoilthearted the pay of way. Right of way is given, non taken. p. 2 Speed Limit Signs These ar white, mostly rectangles, with contraband writing. They indicate what the safest maximum travel for that road in IDEAL conditions. staple Speed Laws state that when conditions ar non IDEAL you must non travel libertineer than what is safe for the conditions. Advisory Speed Limits ar set for authorized sections of the roadway. at a time you comport decipherable that section you whitethorn resume the posted check off number limit.Warning Signs These be yellow signs that warn you of upcoming conditions in the roadway. some ar diamond shaped with unforgiving symbols. School Signs indicate where school partitions and crossings arg on. They atomic number 18 shaped like a house (pentagon). No sack Signs ar placed onward where the roadway lead astrays to narrow. social structure Signs indicate where construction geographical districts atomic number 18. They atomic number 18 orange signs with nigrify symbols and garner. Railroad Signs †There are two types of railway signs; a yellow circle with a mordant â€Å"X” and two â€Å"R”s be postures sick and a white cross with black railroad crossing letters.The yellow sign indicates you are approach path a railroad crossing and the white â€Å"X” indicates where the railroad tracks begin. p. 3 Guide Signs These signs record routes, carrefours, service lands, and other points of interest. Route signs are local, state, U. S. and interstate highway markers. US = white shield on a black sign with black #s terra firma = white square with black #s and letters Interstate = red and blue shield with white letters and #s Even #s = east and west Odd #s = north and south-central 3 numbered route that begins with an odd # goes into a urban piazza 3 numbered route that begins with an even # goes round a city (beltway) Other guide signs are: third estate = give information on destinations and quadrangles Blue = roadway service information (hospital â€Å"H”) Brown = merriment orbits and points of interest TRAFFIC SIGNALS Include traffic flows, arrows, radiate indicates, pass signals, and pedestrian signals. Traffic faint-hearteds are red, color, and yellow. scarlet = forfeit unripe = proceed by promoter of the carrefour if it is typeset one across to do so. discolor = behind and forgo if you tummy do so safely. Right sophisticate on red and leave work out on red. When idler you do it. p. 4 Flashing signals: ablaze(p) †conduct it as a chip sign xanthous †treat it as a impart sign Arrows secure you the direction in which your highroad must travel. colour = proc eed if it is clear to do so yellow = yield and persist if possible expiration = Stop merely in that direction Lane Signals †these softlysomenesss impart switch the direction of traffic in a certain course to influence the convey for traffic flow. Pedestrian Signals †allow walkers to cross at an ware point safely. â€Å"walk” â€Å" put on’t walk” When a police officer is standing in the hybridisation, their directions overthrow either signal. Roadway markings These are yellow or white lines as tumefy as arrows, stop lines and crossings.Broken Yellow Line = separates two-way traffic and you may pass when it is clear to do so. Solid Yellow Lines = separate two-way traffic and you are not allowed to pass. Shared twirl Lanes = you may immortalise and hold off until it is clear to begin with you gaming unexpendedfield- mess(a)(a)(a) across traffic. Broken White Line = separates traffic flip of location the same direction. You may pass if it is clear to do so. Solid White Line = indicates the decline face of the road and should not be crossed. White Arrows = indicate which direction you are allowed to travel in that situation passage. Rumble Strips — Lane Reflectors †Yellow Curb Markings Chapter 3 Basic Vehicle assuresINSTRUMENT PANEL Spee covered stadiumter †tells you how fast you are leaving Tachometer †tells you how many revolutions your locomotive locomotive engine urinates in one minute Odometer †tells you how utmost your car has traveled in its lifetime open fire Gauge †tells you how much mess up is in your gas tank Temperature gauge or hop out †warns you when the collectedant in your engine is to a fault hot Oil printing press exemplar light or gauge †warns you when the oil is not circulating at the proper gouge Alternator warning light or gauge †tells you there is a problem with your electrical system, the alternator is not generating ab ounding electricity to hold on the engine runningBrake system warning light †tells you 1st that your lay pasture halt is intermeshed and 2nd that there is a problem in your braking system Antilock braking system light †tells you that your ABS is working set Safety belt light †reminds you to fasten your gumshoe belt pushover bag warning light †tells you that your cr peace of mind bags are working properly circle signal indicators †tells you which direction that you brace indicated you are way out to fold. Most are small jet arrows. High beam indicator †tells you that your high beam mountain pass lights are on, blue light. VEHICLE CONTROLS Steering rotate †controls the direction of the scarer roulette bicycles.Turn the expert field way to go mightily and unblock unexpended hand to go left-hand(a). Steering rack coordinatement lever †do-nothing tilt the wheel up and mow Selector lever †lets you fix the car in a gear. Either on the manoeuvre column or in the center console. monger duty period lever †lets you put a manual contagion car into a gear. forgatherwood Starter switch †you activate the engine by putting the trace into the ignition switch. Page 42 †project or side of meats Cruise control †lets you set and maintain a certain run up. placeing stop †preserves the car in place when it is position. Locations? Clutch posterior pedal †is in a manual transmission car, is rigid to the left of the foot halt and s struggleed down (in) to switch over over gears. Foot halt pedal †push the pedal down to slow and stop the car. excessively eviscerates the brake light on the masking of your car light up. Accelerator pedal †Located to the slumpeousness of the brake pedal, push it down to get the car to go fleet, rel reliever the pedal to get the car to slow down. SAFETY, COMMUNICATION & COMFORT DEVICES Safety belts †alway s labour you seat belt when your car is in inquiry. It ordain help protect you from disfigurement in a collision. Head barricades †padded devices that help prevent head injuries in collisions. Inside and away rearview mirrors †these mirrors help you actualise what is behind your car ithout go around and sideing. Blind smears are the areas that your mirrors do not show you. Horn †set(p) on the manoeuvre wheel. Hazard flasher control †located on the tiping wheel or control panel. Turns on both sets of enlistment signals when engaged. Windshield wipers and washers †one switch for both unremarkably, it tour of dutys on your wipers and squirts water onto your windscreen to clean off the dirt. sportsmanlike switch †controls the headlights, taillights, side marker lights, instrument panel, license plate and dome light. Hood release lever †located on the left side under the instrument panel, leave to release he hood, then go out and open by releasing the containm latch. Heater, lineage conditioner, and defroster †heating and personal line of credit conditioner w lace and cool the car passenger area and the defroster discovers the windowpanepanes clear of moisture. Sun visors †located above the windshield, pull down to block the sun. Seat adjustment lever †usually at eh lower await or left side of the seat. GETTING READY TO DRIVE external defends 1- Walk around the car bearing for obstructions and spills. 2- behold at the tires. 3- Where are the wait on wheels pointed. 4- Make sure that the windows are clean and clear. Lights in any case. †Check screening window ledge for circumstances obstructions. 6- assure inside for any un trusted passengers. regainting into the car 1- Have your keys ready, in particular if you enter from the road side. 2- Walk around the bearing of your car and pricker to the gateway facing traffic. 3- Get in rapidly, lock the doors and put the key in t he ignation. Inside Checks 1- Lock the doors 2- discipline your seat and channelize wheel so that you are much than or less 10 inches from the wheel 3- Your pass on should be able to cave in the steering wheel with your elbows slightly bent and you should be able to reach the pedals with your knees slightly bent. †Your head restraint should be adjusted to hit the middle of your head. 5- Adjust your rear view mirror and side mirrors 6- fix seat belts. DRIVING AN AUTOMATIC VEHICLE Gear selector lever positions: P = park †transmission is locked in this position. R = reverse †used for financial clog uping up ( clog upup lights) N = neutral †allows the wheels to roll without engine power D = drive †breaks your car in advance (overdrive) Low (L1, L2 or 1,2) = allow you to put to a greater extent power to the wheels at lower gos Starting the Engine 1- nark sure that the pose brake is set 2- gear selector is in park †don’t press the art illery (fuel injection) 4- Turn the key to ON and then START. Release the key when the engine starts 5- Check your gauges, lights and fuel level CHAPTER 4 Managing put on the lines with the IPDE operation The IPDE Process Every driver uses some patient of of cover to help them drive. Those who don’t, have a higher(prenominal) risk of collisions. The IPDE demonstrate helps thin out these risks. Risk put forward cause collisions. Factors that contribute to this risk are the driver, the vehicle, the roadway and the environment. Driver-contributed factors: †adjusting the radio †being angry or upset †blurred plenty grooming †driving while drinking †cell phones If you are doing one or more(prenominal)(prenominal) of these and the driver you meet is doing one or more of these then you are change magnitude your risk. You plunder control what you do but you layabout’t be sure around what the other driver is doing. Vehicle-contributed facto rs: †bald tires †uncool brakes †repelling windshield †broken or burnt out headlights †worn out wiper blades Roadway and environment-contributed factors: †talented sun †construction †dark shadows †snow or ice †cutting wavesGood drivers defecate an effort to lower these risks if at all possible. Taking care of your vehicle and practicing a process, such as the IPDE, you piece of ass fall your risks while you drive. The IPDE process Safe driving depends of your efficacy to see and analyze traffic situations correctly. The driving task is mostly a dealing task. When you are not thinking about your task of driving you add-on your risk of a collision. By exploitation the IPDE process you can develop the habits that allow you to drive more effectively while thinking of other things. The iv parts of the IPDE, constitute, predict, decide and execute.The IPDE process can be enhanced with the aid of The Smith System: †take u p High †Get the big picture †contain your eyes moving †Leave yourself a way out †Make sure they can see you As well as the Zone Control System: †See a regulate change †Check other zones †Create time and situation by acquiring the best speed control, lane position, and communication Identify †you must go to bed when to grimace, where to see, how to impression and what to whole tone for. The in briefer you can show to place the correct things the more time you testament have to react.The Zone Control System aids you in this. You have six zones around your car, each zone is about the width of a lane and transcend as furthest as the driver can see. (pic. 65) An open zone is a space you can drive without a restriction to your line of sight or your intended path of travel. Your target area is the section of the road that is the center of your intended path. removed out there, up the road. A closed zone would be an area that your car can not go into without conflict. Book example is a red traffic light. You have to react to the light. The sooner you identify the closed zones the more time you have to respond.You should develop searching habits in three ranges: 1- your target area range †as far as you can see 2- 12-15 second range †12 to 15 sec. in front man of you 3- 4-6 second range †where your car will be in 4-6 seconds How to develop an nifty Visual Search Pattern: steps on page 67 Your Field of quite a lowly restores how you search. Most people have a field of vision which covers about 90 degrees to each side or 180 degrees total. Central Vision is what you are counseling on, it’s about 10 degrees. Peripheral Vision is the rest of your field of vision that is not in focus.When you are peter outning the scene you pick up to ram High in Steering. This intend to look down the road, into your target area, and not just in front of your car. You as well collect to encumber your e yes moving, this helps you inspect the scene. If you put all of these scanning methods together you will Get the Big Picture. What do you film to look for? hang for open zones †you want to look for things that could cause the open zone to close. Look for other users †look for anyone who could collide with your path of travel. Ground viewing †look at the vehicle approach shot for clues that they will come into your path.Look for roadway features and conditions †intersections, hills, curves, width of the road (multilane to single lane, change in width of lane, surface & hazards) Look for traffic controls †know where controls are located at different times and places. Predict †once you have identified, you emergency to predict how the hazard might affect your path of travel. How you go finished the predicting process will help run across how the hazard may affect you. Learning how to look at a situation is important. You must identify all possi ble hazards to determine what each one may do. Knowledge of driving laws and this class will help you predict.You know what the driver is supposed to do and how they are supposed to react to certain traffic situations. You must however make yourself pose up of time for situations that could occur. Play the head games at times. The main thing that makes you a separate predictor is EXPERENCE. You can’t get it if you don’t experience it. The two things that you must be able to predict are the actions of other vehicle users and the way your car is expiration away to react in situations. When predicting the actions of others you train to look at their path of travel, the actions they may make, do I have an open zone? , and where might the point of conflict be?Predicting the reactions of your vehicle is the easiest of this process. You should know what condition your car is in, how are the tires, how soon can I stop, etc. Decide †in one case you have identified and predicted what may happen, you now occupy to decide what you neediness to do. Maintain, swerve, brake, speed up, or just communicate with my lights or horn. You may decide to change your speed. You can subdue conflicts by maintaining, slowing down, or speeding up. To make a change in direction you need to look at your zones. screen to leave yourself a way out or impact so you are able to move into that area without conflict.You may also avoid conflict by changing you position in your lane. You may need to be centered, slightly left or slightly powerful in your lane. If you decide that all you need to do is communicate with the other driver you may do this by your lights, horn, car position or eye contact. You want to try to minimize your number of hazards by separating the hazards. Sometimes you are issue to have to disassemble the hazard that will mayhap do the least amount of damage. This is compromising space. upset way to the big truck swerving into your lane. Execu te- Once you make your decision you need to execute it. ring, take in”T second guess yourself.The three areas that you have execution control over are speed control, steering, and communication. The surdest thing when driving is how so I mete out multiple conflicts that occur? Being able to use the IPDE process effectively takes practice and time. You are not as favourable at using it at once as you will be next week. You will learn how to use the IPDE process selectively. This means that you start one process and something else will come up that makes you begin the process all over again. Remember this: You used the IPDE Process acquiring to this class straight off and you will use it again vent to either class you take today.Chapter 5 Natural Laws and elevator car Control In this chapter you will learn about gravity and nada of drive, friction and clasp, stopping withdrawnness and controlling the force of impact. Gravity †Gravity is the force that pulls yo u to the earth. Going up and down hills in a car you can feel the pull of gravity. You need to be able to adjust your driving to sustain for this pull. The point at which your car’s angle is evenly distributed is called the center of gravity. The lower the center of gravity, the fall in the handling of the car. Energy of Motion †Energy of move is called kinetic energy.What you must understand about this energy is the way it will affect your driving. The smart your vehicle is moving, the more energy you have, the heavier it weighs, the more energy of bm it has. Two important facts to know” 1- Your energy of motion doubles when the tip doubles 2- Your energy of motion outgrowths by the square when your speed increases by a certain amount. ( speed doubles †energy quadruples) If your energy of motion increases your stopping duration will also go up that amount. rubbing and Traction Friction is the force that keep ups your tires from sliding on the road.T raction makes it possible for your vehicle to grip the road for you to change speed and direction. The incise surface of the tire is called the tread. This tread cuts through the water on the road allowing your tire to grip the road. As the amount of tread lessens, the amount of traction also decreases. If the tire tread gets worn almost wholly off (bald tire) the possibility of a blowout becomes great. A blowout is when the tire loses all pressure at once. The way your tire is inflated also determines how much of the tire tread is touching the road. An under inflated tire causes the tread to opening in the middle.An over inflated tire causes the tire tread to only touch in the middle (like a balloon) Things that could reduce the traction you have are: 1- bad tires 2- bad shocks 3- faulty steering system 4- road surfaces Checking for traction while you are driving can be through with(p) but must be done carefully. †tally rear zone †brake mildly for response †if you don’t slow down reduce speed Driving on curves can be very tricky. The energy of motion tries to keep your car in a straight line but the traction from the tires pulls you around the curve. Driving around curves: †Speed †reduce your speed to avoid skids 2- avidness †the sharper the curve the more traction you will need to go around it. 3- Banked †most curves are banked, this helps prevent your car from wanting to stay in a straight line. 4- Load †The heaver the load or weight of your vehicle the more friction it is going to take to get through the curve. Stopping blank perfect Stopping Distance †the out outdistance your car travels while you are making a stop. Total stopping distance is made up of three parts: 1- perception distance 2- reaction distance 3- braking distance Look at the chart on page 98.To estimate the distance you need to stop you can use the four second rule. †pick a spot in the road, a sign or driveway †When t he car in front of you reaches that point begin counting, one-thousand one, one-thousand two… †If your car gets to that same point after you reach one-thousand four you have bump off space to stop if you need to. Factors that affect you’re stopping distance: †Speed †the higher the speed the farseeinger the distance †Car condition †worn out tires, etc need more distance †Surface †rain, snow, ice, dirt, leaves & gravel increase the distance Driver ability †if distracted or afflicted you increase the distance †ABS †helps when stopping while play †Hills †up or down hills shortens or lengthens the distance †Loads †the weight of your vehicle, heavier takes longer. Force of Impact The force at which a moving object hits another object is force of impact. Force of impact is obdurate by: 1- Speed 2- Weight 3- Distance amongst impact and stopping Safety Belts When you are in a collision, three collisi ons actually take place. head start the car hits an object and stops.Second, you hit the inside of the car or a restraining device (seat belt) Third, your carcass organs slam against your skeleton or each other. There are two types of restraining devices: 1- restraining devices †seat belts 2- passive restraining devices †style bags (automatic) Air Bags Air bags deploy automatically. They are there to protect your life. When an air bag deploys it comes out at a speed over 200 mph. Air bags are designed to work with the seat belts. still relying on the air bag will not save your life. To avoid the air bag injuring your blazon or shoulders you need to keep your hands about 9 and 3 or a fine below.You don’t want to sit in any case close to the air bag, @ 10 away is good. huckster your steering wheel to deploy the bag at your chest and not your face. Of course, child seats need to be in the rear seat or facing away from the air bags. Some air bags now have a feat ure that senses the weight of the person in the seat and will deploy in two stages. Some vehicles have switches for you to turn the passenger air bag off. Other prophylactic devices in vehicles today: n Automatic seat belts n Front and rear crush areas n Energy absorbing bumpers n Side door beams n Reinforced windshields Energy absorbing steering wheel and column n Padded fleet n Child seats built in n Head restraints Chapter 6 Performing Basic Vehicle Maneuvers STEERING Straight forward: hands should be at a comfortable spot, look ahead and avoid smell at your feet and hands. You need to pay attention to what is approaching you. turn out to avoid over or under-steering: over-steering is when you make too sharp of a turn and you weave from side to side; under-steering is when you don’t turn the wheel enough to keep it on its intended path. When you are severe to defend a straight line (driving seek skill) you need to: †keep the brake pressed and put the car in rev erse 2- turn your body to the right, put your right arm over the back of the passenger seat and look out of the back window. 3- Place your left hand at 12 o’clock on the steering wheel 4- Release your pressure on the brake enough to get moving 5- Adjust your position by twist the wheel in the direction that you wish to go 6- Keep you foot over the brake (covering) and take quick glances to the front and sides checking for traffic. When you wish to stop keep looking out of the back window until you have come to a off stop. SIGNALINGMake it a habit to signal your intent every time you plan to turn or stop. You must use your turn signals when you are making a left or right turn, changing lanes, & displace over to the side of the road. Make sure that you know the hand signals for when you are driving. left hand arm out and travel up = right turn Left arm out and pointing straight out = left turn Left arm out and angled down = braking You need to remember to signal primo rdial but not too early. CHANGING LANES You must be able to make the lane change smoothly and safely each and every time. Try to get the steering down. You don’t want to over or understeer. Steps for a lane change: †Check traffic in front and to the side in which you are going to move into 2- Signal your intent and check your slur spot 3- Increase your speed slightly as you steer into the next lane; if it is clear to do so 4- Cancel your signal, if it did not do so automatically, and adjust your speed and steering. MAKING TURNS AND TURNABOUTS Two methods for steering your car: 1- Hand over hand 2- Push †pull Left and Right Hand Turns You should make a turn only after you have checked traffic. 1- Look for pedestrians and oncoming vehicles; check your rear zone for cars getting ready to pass you. †Plan well in advance. Put yourself in the correct lane well forrader the turn. 3- Obey all traffic signals and controls plus roadway markings. When turning left you M UST yield to oncoming traffic. Procedures for turning: (page 114) 1- Get in the proper lane 2- Brake early and get to the proper speed 3- Do a optical search 4- Before the crosswalk you should be at about 10 mph 5- number right you need to check left then right and begin your turn when your front bumper reaches the curve of the defy line. 6- For a left turn check left then right and then left again.Begin your turn when your front bumper gets to the center of the intersection. 7- As you begin your turn check your slur spot and turn into the first lane you come to. When you are backing to your left you want to look more over your left shoulder to where you are trying to back. If backing right you want to look over your right shoulder. You will use hand over hand steering and do the visual search before you begin the maneuver. Turnabouts Precautions when you are planning to do a retrogression: •Be sure that local laws permit it • deprivation at least 500 feet of visibil ity Don’t do on hills or curves or within 200 feet of an intersection •Should not be done where high-speed traffic or any traffic would be •Check all zones while doing the turnabout U-Turn Select your spot and signal right to move over and stop. When the way is clear, turn on your left signal and move into the lane Check your front and left rear zones and your contrivance spot. Turn the wheel weighty left and move through the turn until you have completely turned around. route turnabouts Backing into on the right Pull in on the left Pull in on the right Which of these is the safest? Three point turnabout (driving test skill)Check your zones, signal right and pull to the look into (or side of road) and stop Signal left, turn the wheel catchy left and pull across the road as far as you can Signal right, put the car in reverse, turn the wheel unstated right and back as far as you need to back Signal left, put the car in Drive, turn the wheel stiff right and pu ll forward finishing the turnabout. Parking When you are trying to park you need to have speed control, steering control and accurate judgment. Before pose you need to find a space big enough for your car to get into. Avoid end spaces or beside large trucks or poorly put vehicles.You need to learn some reference points for parking. You will be exposed to standard reference points, these are for a typical vehicle and driver, and you will learn your personal reference points, ones that you like to use. Angle parking: This parking is done diagonally to the curb. Mostly in shopping center parking lots. 1- Check for peds. note your car about 6 feet from the parked cars. Signal right and begin braking. 2- Check your right blind spot and impact braking. 3- Move forward until you can see the middle of the space without obstructions. Turn your wheels hard right and ease into the space. †Straighten your wheels when you are in the center of the space and pull forward as far into the s pace as you can. Perpendicular parking: This parking is when your car is at a right angle to the curb. 1- Set up about 8 feet from the line of parked cars or as far over as you can. Signal right, check your blind spot, and begin braking. 2- Check traffic to the rear and go braking. 3- Turn hard right when your front bumper passes the back bumper of the car to the left of the parking space. Slowly enter the space and check your rear right to make sure that you have missed the car. †Straighten the wheels when you are centered in the space and pull forward. divergence both of these spaces (angle and perpendicular) 1- Ease straight back with your foot covering the brake. 2- When your front bumper is even with the rear bumper of the car to your left turn hard right. 3- Back into the nearby lane and straighten your wheels. Put the car in drive and pull away. Parallel parking (driving test skill) This is parking your car parallel to the curb. Select your space that is 5 †6 fee t longer than your car. 1- While approaching the space, signal right and brake.Stop with your car 2-3 feet away from the car on the right and your back bumper even with the back bumper of the car to the right. Put the car into reverse and check traffic. Turn the wheel hard right and ease into the space. 2- When the back of your seat is even with the back bumper of the car to the right straighten the wheels. Ease straight back into the space. 3- When your front bumper is even with the rear bumper of the car to your right turn the wheels hard left. Ease back looking out of your rear window. 4- When your car is parallel to the curb straighten the wheels and stop.Pull forward and center your car in the space. Put the car in park. My cues when we do this in the car: Wheels †hard right, straight, hard left case points †back bumpers even, rear of seat even with bumper, front bumper even with the rear bumper, don’t hit the barrier. Parking on hills: Up hill with a curb â⠂¬ turn the wheels left, ease back to touch the curb, engage parking brake, put car in park, turn the car off. Up hill without a curb, Downhill with or without a curb †turn the wheels to the right, ease until you touch the curb (if there is a curb), engage the parking brake, turn the car off.Chapter 7 Negotiating Intersections Searching the Intersection When you are approaching any intersection there are things that you need to look for. The main cause of collisions in intersections is the drivers failure to identicalness a safe path of travel. Clue you need to look for: Signs and lights Roadway markings Crossing traffic Park car on the cross street Turning traffic Rows of fences and mailboxes Traffic stopping Power lines Most intersections are + or X, but some are Y or T When you are approaching an intersection you need to check your front zones to make sure that your path of travel in open.Look for anything that may cause your path to close and cause you to change your plans . The hand-to-hand you get to the intersection the more you need to search your side zones for obstructions. Scan and focus on what may cause you a problem, dont just keep your eyes in constant motion. Once you approach your point of no return you need to continue through the intersection but still scan your zones. Your point of no return is the point at which you can no longer make a safe stop outside of the intersection. Sometimes when you get close to the intersection your path of travel closes causing you to need to change lanes.Do this at an intersection only if there is no other option. You are not allowed to legally change lanes within the intersection. If your decision at the intersection is to stop, for what ever reason, you now need to do the full 180 degree scan before you inter the intersection. Controlled Intersections A controlled intersection is one that has signs or lights that determine the right of way. With signs †The two signs that control an intersection a re Stop and Yield. At a stop sign you MUST come to a complete stop and at a yield sign you need to slow down and give the right of way to any vehicle in the intersection.At stop signs you need to begin your search of the intersection well back of the stop sign. As you approach you need to scan front, as well as 45 degrees to the right and left for anything that may interfere with your path of travel. Crossing Traffic with a blocked view• Search your front and rear zones, look for pedestrians and prepare to make your legal stop at the sign, ease up to the intersection and stop again, scan for obstructions and inter the intersection only when it is clear for you to go through the intersection without conflict. (7 sec gap) Joining traffic †right turns Go through the same checks as above. When you get stopped at the sign and cant see, ease up until you can without going into the intersection and stop again. Look for a gap of at least 7 seconds. When you have a clear path make your turn and accelerate keeping the car about 4 feet from the side of the road. Joining traffic †left turns • Do your scans as with the other approaches. Stop at the sign and pull forward and stop again before entering the intersection. When the way is clear (7 sec gap) move forward and recheck your zones. Accelerate into the proper lane and adjust your steering.Light Controlled Intersections When you are approaching an intersection controlled by lights you need to use your IPDE process to determine what the intersection will be like when you reach it. How may the lights change your path of travel? Stale parkland Light †this Is a light that has been green for a while, expect It to change Fresh Green Light †this is a light that has Just turned green, you may still not have a safe path of travel. Check your intended path for obstacles. Yellow Light †this is a light that is telling you that the intersection is closing to your traffic lane.If you have reache d the â€Å"point of no return” you have to determine whether to proceed through or try to stop, hat can diverge this decision? Red Light †at this light you MUST stop. You need to check your rear zones as you apply the brakes. An unprotected left turn is a left turn done at an intersection that does not have a left turn green arrow. You MUST be sure that you can complete the turn before beginning it protect Left Turns At these turns you will have three things apparent 1- Left turn light, this is an full light sequence (R,Y,G) to guide you at your left turn. †Green arrow †appears with the normal light system, when the arrow goes off you simply do not have a protected left turn. 3- Delayed green light †at these lights you light is green and the opposing traffic light is still red. Turning on Red Light Right on red means that you are allowed to make a right hand turn at a red light AFTER you have made a complete stop and have scanned the intersection. When it is safe to proceed you can make the turn. Left on red is allowed in most states when you are turning left from a one-way street onto a on-way street going to your left.Some states allow this if you are in a left turn only lane (two way traffic) and are turning onto a one way street. A controlled railroad crossing has lights and/or a stop arm. You must come to a complete stop and stay until the lights have stopped flashbulb and the arm has come up. DO NOT EVER go around the stop arm to cross. Uncontrolled Intersections An loose intersection is one in which there are no traffic controls. As you approach one of these intersections you MUST expect traffic problems. neer assume that the other driver will give you the right of way. You must in truth use your IPDE process as you approach these intersections.It is best to treat these intersections as yield signs. There are also uncontrolled railroad crossings. just now slow down, scanning the tracks for trains and do not cross if y ou see or hear one coming. Determining Right of Way Right of way describes the privilege of having immediate use of a certain part of the roadway. Right of way is GIVEN not taken. You may have to YIELD and allows others to go first in order to be safe. Judging Gaps A gap is the distance between two vehicles. When you are at an intersection you have to make sure that you can successfully get through the intersection. Chapter8 communion The RoadwayWith Motorcycles: About 2000 people a year are killed on pedals. The primary reason is there are so many body parts not protected when riding a motorcycle. You MUST use the IPDE process when motorcycles are around. They can hide in spots, they spend longer times in your blind spots and many cyclist take more chances that car drivers do. ‘••••• • ‘•••• • ••- ••• • ‘ ‘ -i -•• ‘• -‘- ;â₠¬Â¢Ã¢â‚¬Â¢; •;• Problem areas in which you need to really look for motorcyclist: a vehicle turning left in front of a motorcycle a vehicle turning right at an intersection or into a driveway a motorcycle turning left inblindspots a tailgating motorcyclist one sledding you on the right or left †contact an oncoming motorcycle When you are going to pass a motorcycle you need to stay well back to avoid shocking the cyclist, use the entire lane to make the pass and wait until you can see them in your rearview mirror to move back over. It is just like passing a vehicle. With Bicycles, Mopeds and Motor Scooters: Bicyclist need to remember that when they are on the road they have the responsibility to follow wholly of the traffic laws just as the other vehicles do. They need to wear a helmet, know the rules for riding on roads as well as idewalks, and wear light colored clothing (especially at night), keep from wearing headphones, and keep their bike in good condition. W hen you encounter a bike you need to increase your scanning to avoid serious conflict. If you pass a bike you need to follow the same rules as passing a car. Remember that some wheelwright do not have great control over their bike and may swerve or fall into your path. Mopeds and scooters create the same types of problems as bikes do. They are low powered and very small. They are hard to see and the people riding them may not be able to handle them properly.People on mopeds and scooters do not have to have a drivers license but they do have to follow the rules of the road, just as bicyclist and drivers do. Pedestrians Pedestrians are the most conquerable users of the HTS. It is the drivers responsibility to protect the pedestrians. Children and old people are at most risk. Children do not know about consequences and old people may not hear or see well. When you drive in an area with pedestrians you need to heighten you IPDE usage. Look for pedestrians in areas where you expect to see them. Playgrounds, sidewalks, residential areas, parks, and parking lots.Sharing the roadway with emergency vehicles is a common thing in populated areas. You should yield the right of way to the emergency vehicles when they are traveling with their light and/or sirens on. Simply move to the right side of the road if you can and or to the lane as far to the right as possible. If you have to you can stop but make sure that you are as little a hazard as possible. With Trucks: The type of truck you need to really worry about when driving are the big semis (18 wheelers, tractor trailer, transfer). The main reason is that they are sooo big and can do a unit of measurement lot of damage to your car in a very little amount of time.These larger trucks make wide right turns. When you are near one and they put on their right turn signal you have to make sure that you are not to their right because the trailer of the truck will turn into your lane when they turn. You need to avoid followi ng these trucks because they have big blind spots which make you hard to see. If you can not see their face in the mirror, they can not see your car. Use caution when passing a truck. Because their blind spots are larger you have to make sure that they see you during your pass as well as before your pass.When you meet a large truck on a two lane roadway you need to prepare for the after wave when they go by. The air that they push to the right and left will make your car jump of vibrate. Also on wet roads the trucks will throw up water that will cover your windshield. Simply grasp the steering wheel tightly and steer through the problem. Chapter 9 Driving in urban Traffic Adjusting to Urban Traffic Two of the main factors that make urban driving difficult: 1- Traffic is more thick(p) †there are more cars, buses, trucks and pedestrians per mile than on uncouth roads †urban center hazards are closer to you †more things are closer to your car than in the country. Mile per mile, city roads have the highest number and variety of hazards. It takes time to do the IPDE process and in cities you dont have as much time to process the information as in the country. When you are on urban streets you have to pay attention and try to identify hazards as early as possible. avocation Traffic on City Streets Space cushion refers to the space between your car and the car in front of you. If you have a good space cushion you have some advantages: 1- You can see further ahead and get the â€Å"big picture” †You can be seen better 3- You have more time to do the IPDE process 4- You are in better position to avoid the car in front of you if they stop suddenly. The 3-second following distance. When you are 3 seconds behind you have enough cushion to avoid most collisions in most normal driving situations. 1- Pick out a spot on the road ahead 2- When the car in front gets to that spot begin counting; 1001,1002,1003 3- If your car has not gotten to the s pot by 1003 you have enough cushion to avoid a collision. If you reach the spot before you get to 1003, you need to back off a little.The faster you are traveling the bigger your space cushion will be. Being Followed on City Streets A tailgater is a vehicle that is following you too closely. The main hazard of a tailgater is that if you have to do a sudden stop they will hit you in the rear. They think that they are saving time by going so fast and getting close to you. If you have a tailgater behind you, you need to increase your following distance so you will not have to react as quickly when a car in front of you makes a sudden stop or move. When you are confrontation cars in the city you have to really look ahead for your front zone to close.Oncoming drivers may cross the center line and block your path. Reasons that people cross the center line are: 1- driver constipation 2- poor judgment 3- poor visibility 4- trim back space 5- sudden moves for others 6- vehicle failure 7- turning car, buses or trucks 8- double parked vehicles Managing Space on Urban Streets Look ahead †try to see at least one block ahead but if you can see farther, look as far as you can but localize possible problems. , When you are approaching a traffic light and you first see the light green you need to expect it to change.If you see a green light but the crosswalk light is flashing â€Å"dont walk” you need to anticipate that the light is getting ready to change. NEVER speed through an intersection trying to beat the light. Covering you brake means that you have taken your foot off of the accelerator pedal and have it in front of the brake pedal, but not pushing it down. You are anticipating that you are going to need to brake. This takes away your reaction distance/time if you need to brake suddenly. Riding your brake means that you have your foot on the brake pedal and you are pushing it down slightly.Most people that two foot drive end up riding their brakes. On c ity streets that have parked cars on your right you need to anticipate that a car door may open when you get to it. To help avoid hitting the door you need to drive about the width of a car door away from parked cars. Chapter 10 Driving in Rural Areas Characteristics of Rural Traffic 82% of all of the roadway miles in the US are considered countrified roads. When you approach a curve on a inelegant road with an advisory speed limit, you should be at that posted speed before you enter the curve.Advisory speeds are posted to help keep cars from having a collision on a curve because they entered the curve at too great a speed to control the car. Speed kills on rural roads. Twice as many deaths occur on rural roads as opposed to urban roads. On rural roads in normal (ideal) conditions the 3 second rule for following is sufficient. If you are following another car using the 3 second rule and a car cuts in between you and the other car you need to mend your 3 second rule with the new c ar. The elementary speed rule states that you should not drive faster than the road or traffic conditions allow you to.It is more difficult to maintain control of your car at higher speeds. When you are driving on rural roads you are going to encounter slow moving vehicles, animals in the road and oncoming traffic that is close to you. Roadside hazards that you will come across are narrow shoulders, bridges, ditches, guardrails, and trees. You are not going to have as many tailgaters here because of the type of driving you are doing plus there are not as many cars on the road. In rural areas your speed is going to be faster so your IPDE process is affected. At higher speeds you decrease your time to make a decision using the process.So the faster you are driving, the farther you need to look ahead so you can perform the IPDE process. When driving on these roads you may see mailboxes, reflectors on posts, or small utility lines. These are all clues that you are approaching a drivewa y. When you are driving in the mountains you are going to come to sections of the road that have sharper curves and steeper hills. When you are going down a steep hill you should NEVER shift your car into neutral. If you change gears you need to shift to a lower gear to avoid intent your brakes. Passing in rural areas is done mostly on two lane/two way roads.If you are passing another car you must make sure that you can complete the pass safely and before the passing area ends. When you think that you need to pass another car you need to think before you pass. One main perplexity that you need to ask is, is it safe to pass here? When driving at night on rural roads you are going to encounter car light that pop up from around curves or hills. To avoid being temporarily blinded you need to look to the right side of the road, white line. Chapter 11 Driving on Expressways An pike is defined as a roadway that has limited-access or controlled-access.Driving on expressways is more dan gerous because of the higher speeds and the number of cars. For this reason, collisions on expressways are generally more serious. Expressways have minimum speed limits posted. If you are going below this minimum speed then you are a hazard on the roadway. To drive effectively on expressways you must be willing to cooperate with other drivers. They also have multiple lanes which means that when you change lanes you need to do so one lane at a time. You are driving on an expressway and you need to exit; the force you need to get off on is totally Mocked by traffic, preventing you from getting over.Wiat should you do? Go to the next exit and come back up the expressway. If you get onto the wrong entering ramp you should go ahead and get on the expressway and travel to the next exit, get off and turn around. It is NEVER permissible to back up an captivate ramp. The entrance lane has three parts; the ramp, the acceleration lane and the merging lane. When you are coming down the ramp you need to check for a gap to merge into by looking over your left shoulder as well as into your left mirror. If you are entering an expressway on the entrance ramp and your way is blocked so that you can not merge onto the road you should avoid stopping.Stopping on the ramp in the acceleration lane can cause a rear end collision. If you are driving in a group of car on an expressway you are driving in a â€Å"wolf pack”. You are driving in the center lane of the expressway and you keep getting passed on the right and left, you should move into the right lane to avoid being a hazard. Highway hypnosis happens when you get lulled into staring while driving. If you stare for long enough you will put yourself to sleep. If you are pickings a long trip on expressway you need to plan ahead for food, fuel and rest This will make your trip more gratifying and safe.\r\n'